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Autistic individuals have increased risk of chronic physical health conditions across the whole body

Fri, 29/09/2023 - 13:38

Previous studies have shown that autistic people are dying far younger than others and that they are more likely to experience a range of physical health conditions. Until now, it was believed that autistic people were more likely to have specific conditions, such as gastrointestinal pain, sleep problems, and epilepsy/seizure disorders.

The new study is different in that it investigated a much wider range of health risks than has been done before and shows that autistic people experience a much broader range of health vulnerabilities than was previously thought.

Specifically, autistic people are more likely to have physical health conditions across all organ systems, including the brain (such as migraine), the gastrointestinal system (for example coeliac disease), and the endocrine system (for example endometriosis), compared to non-autistic people.

Dr Elizabeth Weir, a Research Associate at the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, who led the team, said: “This study emphasizes the increased health vulnerability of autistic people both in the types and number of conditions they may have. We now need to understand the causes of these increased risks, which are likely multifactorial in nature.”

This is the first study to show that autistic people are more likely than non-autistic people to experience ‘physical health multimorbidity’, meaning that they have at least two or more physical health conditions. These include co-occurring fibromyalgia (which causes chronic pain throughout the body) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (which causes irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, excess hair growth, and acne in women) across different organ systems.

The study was conducted by a team at the ARC and used an anonymized, self-report survey to compare the experiences of 1,129 autistic people with 1,176 non-autistic people aged 16-90 years. The participants were international, although 67% of participants were from the UK.  

The survey assessed risk of 60 physical health conditions across nine different organ systems (gastrointestinal, endocrine, rheumatological, neurological, ocular, renal/hepatic, otolaryngological, haematological, and dermatological). The analysis took into account other factors such as age, sex assigned at birth, country of residence, ethnicity, education-level, alcohol use, smoking, body mass index, and family medical history.

The team found that autistic people were more likely to have diagnosed medical conditions across all nine organ systems tested, compared to non-autistic people. Regarding specific conditions, autistic people had higher rates of 33 specific conditions compared to non-autistic peers. These included coeliac disease, gallbladder disease, endometriosis, syncope (fainting or passing out), vertigo, urinary incontinence, eczema, and iron deficiency anaemia.

Dr John Ward, a visiting research scientist at the ARC in Cambridge, who conducted the analysis, said: “This research adds to the body of evidence that the healthcare needs of autistic people are greater than those of non-autistic people. More research is required, particularly surrounding the early identification, and monitoring of chronic conditions.”

This is also the first epidemiological study to show that Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) – a group of disorders that affects connective tissues and which cause symptoms such as joint hypermobility, loose joints that dislocate easily, joint pain and clicking joints, skin that bruises easily, extreme tiredness, digestive problems, dizziness, stretchy skin, wounds that are slow to heal, organ prolapse, and hernias – may be more common among autistic women than non-autistic women.

The new research also replicates previous findings to show that autistic people have higher rates of all central sensitivity syndromes, which are a varied group of conditions that are related to dysregulation of the central nervous system, compared to non-autistic people. Central sensitivity syndromes include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), migraine, tinnitus, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and fibromyalgia.

The new study also investigated risks of physical health multimorbidity with a novel application of ‘network analysis’, a technique used to understand relationships between different parts of a system. This analysis method is regularly used in neuroscience to understand how different regions of the brain interact with each other. In this study, the analysis assessed how often conditions from different organ systems occurred together in the same person. In addition to highlighting complex health needs, this analysis established for the first time that the combinations of medical conditions that frequently co-occur may be different between autistic and non-autistic adults.

These results are preliminary evidence that healthcare providers such as GPs or family physicians need to be monitoring the health care needs of autistic people much more closely.

Dr Carrie Allison, Director of Strategy at the ARC and a member of the team, added: “These findings highlight the acute need to adapt the healthcare system to better meet the needs of autistic people. These results must be confirmed in larger, population-based samples.”

Professor Sir Simon Baron-Cohen, Director of the ARC and another member of the team, said: “We are aware of the risks of mental health conditions in autistic people, but this new research identifies their risks of physical health conditions too. We need to urgently re-evaluate current health care systems to improve support for autistic people.”

Funding for this project was provided by the Autism Centre of Excellence at Cambridge, the Rosetrees Trust, the Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, the Corbin Charitable Trust, the Queen Anne’s Gate Foundation, the MRC, the Wellcome Trust and the Innovative Medicines Initiative.

Reference
Ward, J. & Weir, E., Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S. Increased rates of chronic physical health conditions across all organ systems in autistic adolescents and adults. Molecular Autism (2023).

Autistic people have higher rates of chronic physical health conditions across the whole body and are more likely to have complex health needs, according to a study led by researchers at the University of Cambridge. Their findings, published in the journal Molecular Autism, have important implications for the clinical care of autistic people.

NeuroscienceautismElizabeth WeirJohn WardCarrie AllisonSimon Baron-CohenAutism Centre of ExcellenceRosetrees TrustCambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCorbin Charitable TrustQueen Anne’s Gate FoundationMedical Research CouncilWellcomeInnovative Medicines InitiativeSchool of Clinical MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryAutism Research CentreTrinity CollegeThis study emphasizes the increased health vulnerability of autistic people both in the types and number of conditions they may haveElizabeth WeirHikiAppTwo autistic friends sitting outside using stim toys and laughing at their phones


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YesLicence type: Public DomainNews type: NewsSuper Tags: Health and medicine

Medieval Murder Maps

Thu, 28/09/2023 - 06:59
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'script', document); //--> */ Shorthand Story Body:  Medieval Murder Maps How students made Oxford the murder capital of late medieval England

Published 28 September 2023. Story: Fred Lewsey

A project mapping medieval England’s known murder cases has now added Oxford and York to its street plan of London’s 14th century slayings. The research suggests that Oxford’s student population was by far the most lethally violent social or professional group in any of the three cities.

The team behind the Medieval Murder Maps – a digital resource that plots crime scenes based on translated investigations from 700-year-old coroners’ inquests – estimate the per capita homicide rate in Oxford to have been 4-5 times higher than late medieval London or York.

Among Oxford perpetrators with a known background, 75% were identified by the coroner as “clericus”, as were 72% of all Oxford’s homicide victims. During this period, clericus is most likely to refer to a student or member of the early university.

A section of the Oxford murder map.

A section of the Oxford murder map.

“A medieval university city such as Oxford had a deadly mix of conditions,” said Prof Manuel Eisner, murder map investigator and Director of Cambridge’s Institute of Criminology.  

“Oxford students were all male and typically aged between fourteen and twenty-one, the peak for violence and risk-taking. These were young men freed from tight controls of family, parish or guild, and thrust into an environment full of weapons, with ample access to alehouses and sex workers.”

“As well as clashes between town and gown, many students belonged to regional fraternities called ‘nations’, an additional source of conflict within the student body,” said Eisner.   

A new website, launched by Cambridge’s Violence Research Centre, allows users to compare the causes and patterns of urban violence in medieval England across three cities for the first time.

The site features a new map of York’s homicides during its 14th century “golden age” when – driven by trade and textiles – the city flourished as Black Death subsided.

Many of the York cases document feuds between artisans in the same profession, from knife fights amongst tannery workers to fatal violence between glove-makers.

Coroners’ rolls are catalogues of sudden or suspicious deaths as deduced by a jury of local residents. Recorded in Latin, they included names, events, locations, and even the value of murder weapons.

An example of the Coroners' rolls, this one recounting the 'Death of Hervey de Playford', London Roll 1315/16.

An example of the Coroners' rolls, this one recounting the 'Death of Hervey de Playford', London Roll 1315/16.

Using the rolls and maps from the Historic Towns Trust, researchers have constructed a street atlas of 354 homicides across all three cities.

Dozens of these cases now have audio versions of the inquests, so users can listen to details of the more intriguing medieval casefiles.  

The original London map, published in 2018, has been remodelled and updated to include accidents, sudden deaths, sanctuary church cases, and deaths in prison – all of which the coroner recorded.

Sanctuary church incidents involved an alleged felon fleeing to holy ground, which allowed them forty days to negotiate with the coroner.

This often resulted in banishment from the realm: the felon confesses and is directed to an agreed port through which they left England for good.

“Many inquests will have been a 'best guess' based on available information” Dr Stephanie Brown

“When a suspected murder victim was discovered in late medieval England the coroner would be sought, and the local bailiff would assemble a jury to investigate,” said Eisner.

“A typical jury consisted of local men of good repute. Their task was to establish the course of events by hearing witnesses, assessing any evidence, and then naming a suspect. The indictments were summarised by the coroner’s scribe.”  

These reports were a combination of detective work and rumour, say researchers. Some juries strategically constructed narratives aimed at influencing verdicts such as self-defence.

“We do not have any evidence to show juries wilfully lied, but many inquests will have been a 'best guess' based on available information,” said Cambridge historian and co-researcher Dr Stephanie Brown.

“In many instances, it is likely the jury named the right suspect, in others it may be a case of two plus two equals five.”

By the early 14th century Oxford was one of the most significant centres of learning in Europe. The city had a population of around 7,000 inhabitants, with perhaps 1,500 students.

Based on their research, Eisner and Brown estimate the homicide rate in late medieval Oxford to work out around 60-75 per 100,000. This is some 50 times higher than current rates in 21st century English cities. The mix of young male students and booze was often a powder keg for violence.

A Thursday night in 1298 saw an argument between students in an Oxford High Street tavern result in a mass street brawl with swords and battle-axes. The coroner recorded student John Burel had “a mortal wound on the crown of his head, six inches long and in depth reaching to the brain”.

Interactions with sex workers could end tragically when students became violent. One unknown scholar got away with murdering Margery de Hereford in the parish of St. Aldate in 1299 when he fled after stabbing her to death instead of paying what he owed for intercourse.

In another incident, a gang of students killed one of their own, David de Trempedhwy, after he brought back a “harlot” named Christiana of Worcester to their school in the winter of 1296. They also escaped justice.    

“Each case provides a glimpse of the dynamics that created a burst of violence on a street in England some seven centuries ago”

Prof Manuel Eisner

Some Oxford cases reveal rifts among scholars from different parts of the British Isles. Lodgings were often arranged according to students’ home regions, and friction between northerners and southerners, or the Irish, Welsh and English, was common. 

In the spring of 1303, student Adam de Sarum was playing with a ball in the street when he was set upon by a trio of Irish scholars, who stabbed him in the face and throat.

Just a month earlier, two Welsh scholars assaulted some passing students who raised a “hue”, at which point a student from Durham attempted to intervene and was beaten to death.

“Before modern policing, victims or witnesses had a legal responsibility to alert the community to a crime by shouting and making noise. This was known as raising a hue and cry,” said Dr Stephanie Brown.

“It was mostly women who raised hue and cry, usually reporting conflicts between men in order to keep the peace.”

Many cases involve the intervention of bystanders, whether summoned by “hue” or not, who end up as victims or indeed perpetrators. “There was an expectation on adult men that maintaining order was part of your social responsibility,” said Eisner.

The medieval sense of street justice coupled with the ubiquity of weaponry in everyday life meant that even minor infractions could lead to murder. London’s cases include altercations that began over eel-skin littering and careless urination, only to end in homicide.

“Knives were omnipresent in medieval society,” said Brown. Many cases feature a knife called a thwytel, later evolved to the word ‘whittle’.

“A thwytel was a small knife, often valued at one penny, and used as cutlery or for everyday tasks. Axes were commonplace in homes for cutting wood, and many men carried a staff.” Some 12% of London’s homicides were committed with a sword.

Even officials of public order – bailiffs, constables, and sergeants – were far from safe. Richard Overhe, a preserver of the “King’s peace”, was brutally attacked by four Oxford students “with swords, bucklers and other arms” during a summer’s night in 1324, and found dead in his home.

“Circumstances that frequently led to violence will be familiar to us today, such as young men with group affiliations pursuing sex and alcohol during periods of leisure on the weekends,” said Prof Eisner.

“Weapons were never far away, and male honour had to be protected.” 

“Life in medieval urban centres could be rough, but it was by no means lawless. The community understood their rights and used the law when conflicts emerged.

“Each case provides a glimpse of the dynamics that created a burst of violence on a street in England some seven centuries ago,” Eisner added.

Image credits (top to bottom):

Cain killing Abel, Guyard des Moulins, Bible historiale, c 1350-1356, British Library, Royal MS 19 D II, f 10v.

Marten van Cleve (Circle of) - Brawl between soldiers and peasants – painted around 1565.

Map of Britain, late 13th century. British Library, Cotton MS Claudius D VI/1.

From the earliest known surviving European fechtbuch (combat manual).
Fol. 27v of Royal Armouries Ms. I.33.

TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

A project mapping medieval England’s known murder cases has now added Oxford and York to its street plan of London’s 14th century slayings.

Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Institute of CriminologySchool of the Humanities and Social SciencesLucy Cavendish CollegePeople (our academics and staff): Manuel EisnerStephanie BrownSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): crimeviolencehistorymedievalurban violenceSection: ResearchNews type: NewsSuper Tags: SocietyArts and humanitiesShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: How students made Oxford the murder capital of late medieval EnglandShorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/242211/HEZWLnil9B/assets/7biVMYs6Mi/murdertopthis-thumbnail.jpg

Black British Voices: the findings

Thu, 28/09/2023 - 06:46
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'script', document); //--> */ Shorthand Story Body:  Black British Voices

The Findings

Published 28 September 2023. Story: Fred Lewsey

The largest survey to date of the opinions and attitudes of Black people in Britain has revealed a central split on the question of British pride.

Around half (49%) of Black Britons consider themselves at least somewhat “proud to be British”, while almost half (45%) take little to no pride in Britishness. 

The research also suggests that racial prejudice and insensitivity in UK workplaces remains entrenched, with a high percentage of respondents (88%) saying they have experienced racial discrimination at work.  

In fact, almost all (98%) of those surveyed said they have compromised self-expression and identity to fit into the workplace – by adapting speech or hairstyles, for example – with appearance and cultural background cited as factors influencing lack of promotion or development.

The research has been conducted by the University of Cambridge’s Department of Sociology in collaboration with The Voice, Britain’s only national newspaper for Black communities, and London-based management consultancy I-Cubed, founded by two Black women.

Over 10,000 Black Britons from across the UK completed an extensive survey covering a range of social and cultural issues, from media and politics to mental health. Cambridge researchers also conducted dozens of in-depth interviews with a subset of participants. 

Early interviews for the Black British Voices Project (BBVP) began in 2020, with a survey launching the following year. The findings have now been analysed in full and brought together in a major 104-page report, presented at a House of Commons event.

The report reveals that extremely high levels of distrust and discrimination are still felt deeply across Black British communities when it comes to systems such as health, education and criminal justice.

On education, some 95% of respondents believe the UK’s curriculum neglects Black lives and experiences, while fewer than 2% think educational institutions take racism seriously.

Some 87% expect to receive substandard levels of healthcare because of their race, while 79% believe the police still use stop and search unfairly against Black people.

“This report needs to start a conversation into the unequal outcomes that members of Black communities face in Britain,” said Dr Kenny Monrose, lead researcher and Cambridge sociologist.

“A lot of nonsense is talked about Black communities being hard to reach. They’re not hard to reach, they’re easy to ignore. But if there's 10,000 people speaking, attention needs to be paid. You might not want to agree, but you’ve got to listen to what's being said.”

Cambridge sociologist Dr Kenny Monrose.

Cambridge sociologist Dr Kenny Monrose.

The findings should be a “wake-up call for Britain” argues Lester Holloway, Editor of The Voice. “We have many fourth-generation Black Brits and, as a community, we should be feeling part of this country. Yet the lived experience of racism in every area of life is leading many to not feel British.”

British identity is highly divisive among Black communities. A majority (81%) describe themselves as British (either ‘definitely’ or ‘somewhat’). The question of pride in Britain is split down the middle, with 49% of respondents proud to be British, while an almost equal number (45%) feel the opposite.

One participant described his British pride: “I’m born here. I work here. I pay my taxes here. I bought my house here. Why should I not embrace it?” Others identify pride more locally, such as being a Londoner or NHS employee. However, many still see England’s St. George’s Cross flag as a threat.

“When I see the [St. George’s Cross] hanging out the window, I’m crossing the road. I don’t feel safe,” said one interviewee. “I don’t think they understand that to us it’s a symbol of fear and racism.”     

The acronym ‘BAME’ (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) was considered “unhelpfully homogenising” when classifying Britain’s diverse non-White population, according to the report. Three-quarters (74%) of respondents felt uncomfortable with this label.   

Faith matters more for Black communities than across the British population as a whole, with 84% of participants self-described as religious or spiritual (the 2021 census shows 56% of people in England and Wales identify with a religious faith).

When it comes to sexuality, a high number of respondents (84%) believe that Black LGBTQ+ people experience discrimination from within Black communities, although over half (56%) of BBVP participants say that acceptance of Black LGBTQ+ people has improved compared with a decade ago.

Interview data suggests there is still a fear of disclosing sexuality for many Black LGBTQ+ people, who worry about prejudice from church and family, as well as rejection from mainstream LGBTQ+ culture.

As well as the widespread belief that UK education ignores Black experiences, and its institutions are unserious about racism, 41% of respondents “definitely” believe discrimination to be the main barrier to academic attainment of young Black people.

Some interviewees discussed the importance of learning about histories of empire and slavery, while others pointed out the need to increase awareness of science and technology subjects in Black communities. Some 84% of BBVP participants felt that more Black teachers needed to be recruited.

“I’m disappointed to the point where it makes me slightly emotional… that more has not been done to encourage Black male teachers to go in to secondary schools,” said one interviewee. Another said that having a Black teacher meant “[y]ou don’t have to prove that you’re not a bad student.”  

The workplace is perhaps where Black Britons most often experience individual racist behaviour as well as more indirect institutional prejudice, according to the report. Just 9% of respondents said they had little to no experience of workplace discrimination.

Interviewees spoke of a sense of pressure to justify their position, or feeling obliged to be the “go-to person” in matters of race. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) workshops often led to discomfort, with one interviewee saying they are for “White people to talk to other White people about race so they can tick a box…”

“Just because you’ve got diversity doesn't automatically mean you've got inclusion, and that’s what's missing in these conversations,” said Monrose. BBVP respondents spoke of editing their names to assist pronunciation for co-workers, or altering clothing, hairstyles or speech patterns to “fit in”.

Some 87% of survey participants said they have little to no trust Britain’s criminal justice system. Many comments focused on police behaviour that was felt to be unacceptable yet tolerated by UK forces. A third of respondents say more Black officers improve trust between police and Black communities, but a quarter think it unlikely even this would help much.

When asked about media representation, a huge 90% of respondents feel that advertising has improved over the last decade when it comes to portraying Black culture. However, over 93% also say that both Black men and women are negatively stereotyped by the media, film and television.

Interviewees talked of frustration with depictions of Black people as “victims rather than survivors”. Some pointed to double standards in media coverage of the personal lives of White and Black footballers. In fact, 63% of respondents felt that racism in sport has increased in recent years.

“Those taking the knee were booed by fans who then cheered Sterling when he scored a goal,” said one interviewee of an England football match, who described it as “cognitive dissonance”.  

Only 7% of research participants felt that Black people in Britain receive fair treatment from healthcare professionals. The report highlights recent studies showing Black women were four times more likely than White women to die during childbirth.

Some 68% of respondents say they or a family member has suffered from mental health problems, and 87% say that Black families do not discuss mental health enough, including generational issues.

“There’s some mental trauma that must’ve entailed growing up here as a Black man. The stories he tells…” said one interviewee of their father. Another participant describes greater compassion shown to White prison inmates with psychiatric conditions than to Black inmates.    

The report also explores Black people’s attitudes to business and politics in the UK. A huge 95% of participants consider financial literacy “critical” to secure futures for Black Britons. The report argues that, for some, racial disparities in pay and pensions – combined with class hierarchies – create a “fatalism” about economic fairness.

Three out of four respondents expressed the view that Black businesses are treated unfairly by investors and financial institutions. Some interviewees argue that gentrification is pushing Black businesses out of their neighbourhoods in major cities.

Over 90% of all BBVP participants say they want to see more Black Members of Parliament. At a time of pervasive public cynicism about contemporary politics, an optimistic 22% also believe that Black politicians “have the power to address the needs of Black people in Britain”.

The Johnson government’s “Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities” was singled out for criticism by a number of interviewees. “For a man who referred to Black Lives Matter protesters as thugs… were we expecting anything else?” said one participant. 

“We are mindful that historically black communities have been wary of reports conducted on race, as they attempt to limit or invalidate the reality of their lived experiences,” said Dr Monrose.

“However, the carpet of data captured within this report reliably highlights the chronic level of racial disparities and unequal outcomes that they face on a daily basis.”

Dr Maggie Semple, OBE, co-founder of I-Cubed Consultancy, added: “We can no longer overlook the lived realities of Black people in the UK and be non-committal in providing impactful long-term solutions.

"This is an opportunity to acknowledge our views and opinions, with the intent of creating a better future for us all.”

Top image: Getty (credit: Mads Perch)
Bottom image: Getty (credit: Alys Tomlinson)

TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

The largest survey to date of the opinions and attitudes of Black people in Britain has revealed a central split on the question of British pride.

Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Department of SociologySchool of the Humanities and Social SciencesExternal Affiliations: The VoicePeople (our academics and staff): Kenny MonroseSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): Black historyBritainethnicitysocietySection: ResearchNews type: NewsSuper Tags: SocietyShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: The largest survey to date of the opinions and attitudes of Black people in Britain has revealed a central split on the question of British pride.Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/242201/GW5ubgqS22/assets/cqblY6L353/bbvp1-thumbnail.jpg

Risk of premature birth from smoking while pregnant more than double previous estimates

Thu, 28/09/2023 - 00:01

The study, published today in the International Journal of Epidemiology, also found that smoking meant that the baby was four times more likely to be small for its gestational age, putting it at risk of potentially serious complications including breathing difficulties and infections.

But the team found no evidence that caffeine intake was linked to adverse outcomes.

Women are currently recommended to stop smoking and limit their caffeine intake during pregnancy because of the risk of complications to the baby. For example, smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal growth restriction, premature birth and low birthweight, though it has also been linked to a reduced risk of preeclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy).

High caffeine intake has also been shown to be associated with lower birthweights and possibly fetal growth restriction. Caffeine is more difficult to avoid than cigarette smoke as is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, energy drinks, soft drinks, and certain medications.

Studies looking at the links between smoking, caffeine and adverse pregnancy outcomes tend to rely on self-reported data to estimate exposure, which is not always reliable. A more objective measure is to look at levels of metabolites in the blood – chemical by-products created when substances such as tobacco and caffeine are processed in the body.

Researchers at the University of Cambridge and the Rosie Hospital, part of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, recruited more than 4,200 women who attended the hospital between 2008 and 2012 as part of the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study. The team analysed blood samples taken from a subset of these women four times during their pregnancies.

To assess exposure to cigarette smoke, the team looked at levels of the metabolite cotinine, which can be detected in blood, urine, and saliva. Only two out of three women with detectable levels of cotinine in every blood sample were self-reported smokers, showing that this measure is a more objective way of assessing smoking behaviour.

A total of 914 women were included in the smoking analysis. Of these, 78.6% were classified as having no exposure to smoking while pregnant, 11.7% as having some exposure and 9.7% as having consistent exposure.

Compared to women who were not exposed to smoking while pregnant, those with consistent exposure were 2.6 times more likely to experience spontaneous preterm birth – more than double the previous estimate of 1.27 from a meta-analysis of studies – and 4.1 times as likely to experience fetal growth restriction.

Babies born to smokers were found to be on average 387g lighter than babies born to non-smokers – that is, more than 10% smaller than the weight of an average newborn. This increases the risk that the baby will have a low birth weight (2.5kg or less), which in turn is linked to an increased risk of developmental problems as well as poorer health in later life.

Unlike in previous studies, however, the team found no evidence that smoking reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia.

Professor Gordon Smith, Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Cambridge, said: “We’ve known for a long time that smoking during pregnancy is not good for the baby, but our study shows that it’s potentially much worse than previously thought. It puts the baby at risk of potentially serious complications from growing too slowly in the womb or from being born too soon.

“We hope this knowledge will help encourage pregnant mums and women planning pregnancy to access smoking-cessation services. Pregnancy is a key time when women quit and if they can remain tobacco free after the birth there are lifelong benefits for them and their child.”

Smoking cessation is offered routinely to all pregnant women and the NHS has local smoking cessation services for anyone, pregnant or not. Further information is available on the NHS website.

To assess caffeine intake, they researchers looked for the metabolite paraxanthine, which accounts for 80% of caffeine metabolism and is both less sensitive to recent intake and more stable throughout the day.

915 women were included in the caffeine analysis. Of these women, 12.8% had low levels of paraxanthine throughout pregnancy (suggesting low caffeine intake), 74.0% had moderate levels and 13.2% had high levels. There was little evidence of an association between caffeine intake and any of the adverse outcomes.

The work was supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and the Medical Research Council.

Reference
Selvaratnam, RJ et al. Objective measures of smoking and caffeine intake and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Epidemiology; 28 Sept 2023; DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad123

Cambridge researchers have found that women who smoke during pregnancy are 2.6 times more likely to give birth prematurely compared to non-smokers – more than double the previous estimate.

pregnancysmokingGordon SmithNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Medical Research CouncilSchool of Clinical MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustWe’ve known for a long time that smoking during pregnancy is not good for the baby, but our study shows that it’s potentially much worse than previously thoughtGordon SmithMalte Mueller (Getty Images)Pregnant woman smoking cigarette - stock illustration


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YesNews type: NewsSuper Tags: Health and medicine

AI-driven techniques reveal new targets for drug discovery

Wed, 27/09/2023 - 15:17

The research team, led by the University of Cambridge, presented an approach to identify therapeutic targets for human diseases associated with a phenomenon known as protein phase separation, a recently discovered phenomenon widely present in cells that drives a variety of important biological functions.

Protein phase separation at the wrong place or time could disrupt key cellular functions or create aggregates of molecules linked to neurodegenerative diseases. It is believed that poorly formed cellular condensates could contribute to cancers and might help explain the aging process.

The Cambridge researchers, working in collaboration with generative artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery company Insilico Medicine, developed a method for finding new targets for drug discovery in diseases caused by dysregulation of the protein phase separation process. The team found that they could replicate disease characteristics in cells by controlling the behaviour of these targets. Their results are reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

“The discovery of protein phase separation opens up new opportunities for drug discovery,” said Professor Michele Vendruscolo from Cambridge’s Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, who led the research. “However, it has been unclear which proteins undergo this process and represent the best targets for effective pharmacological interventions.”

In the study, researchers combined Insilico’s proprietary target identification engine PandaOmics with the FuzDrop method to identify disease-associated proteins prone to phase separation. PandaOmics is an AI-driven therapeutic target discovery tool that integrates multiple omics and text AI bioinformatics models to assess the potential of proteins as therapeutic targets.

FuzDrop is a tool introduced by the Cambridge team, which calculates the propensity of a protein to undergo spontaneous phase separation, aiding in the identification of proteins prone to form liquid-liquid phase-separated condensates.

Using this approach, the researchers conducted a large-scale study of human sample data, quantified the relative impact of protein phase separation in regulating various pathological processes associated with human disease, prioritised candidates with high PandaOmics and FuzDrop scores and generated a list of possible therapeutic targets for human diseases linked with protein phase separation.

The researchers validated the differential phase separation behaviours of three predicted Alzheimer’s disease targets (MARCKS, CAMKK2 and p62) in two cell models of Alzheimer’s disease, which provides experimental validation for the involvement of these predicted targets in Alzheimer's disease and support their potential as therapeutic targets. By modulating the formation and behaviour of these condensates, it may be possible to develop new interventions to mitigate the pathological processes associated with Alzheimer's disease.

“It has been challenging so far to understand the role of protein phase separation in cellular functions,” said Vendruscolo. “Even more difficult has been to clarify the exact nature of its association with human disease. By working with Insilico Medicine, we have developed an approach to systematically address this problem and identify a variety of possible therapeutic targets. We have thus provided a roadmap for researchers to navigate this complex terrain.”

“We are pleased to reach the milestones of our collaboration with the University of Cambridge,” said Frank Pun, PhD, head of Insilico Medicine Hongkong, and co-author of the paper. “The study is intended to provide initial directions for targeting disease-associated proteins prone to phase separation. With ongoing technical advancements in studying the protein phase separation process, coupled with the growing data about its roles in both cellular function and dysfunction, it is now possible to comprehend the causal relationship between these targets and diseases. We anticipate facilitating the translation of this preclinical research into novel therapeutic interventions soon.”

Reference:
Christine M. Lim et al. ‘Multiomic prediction of therapeutic targets for human diseases associated with protein phase separation.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300215120

Adapted from an Insilico Medicine press release.

Researchers have developed a method to identify new targets for human disease, including neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.

NeuroscienceneurodegenerationAlzheimer's diseasebraindrug discoveryArtificial intelligenceMichele VendruscoloInsilico MedicineYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistrySchool of the Physical SciencesThe discovery of protein phase separation opens up new opportunities for drug discoveryMichele VendruscoloJuan Gaertner/Science Photo Library via Getty ImagesAlzheimers disease. Computer illustration of amyloid plaques amongst neurons.


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New vaccine technology could protect from future viruses and variants

Mon, 25/09/2023 - 16:10

The vaccine antigen technology, developed by the University of Cambridge and spin-out DIOSynVax in early 2020, provided protection against all known variants of SARS-CoV-2 – the virus that causes COVID-19 – as well as other major coronaviruses, including those that caused the first SARS epidemic in 2002.

The studies in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs – an important step before beginning human clinical trials, currently underway in Southampton and Cambridge – found that the vaccine candidate provided a strong immune response against a range of coronaviruses by targeting the parts of the virus that are required for replication. The vaccine candidate is based on a single digitally designed and immune-optimised antigen.

Even though the vaccine was designed before the emergence of the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, it provided a strong protection against all of these and against more recent variants, suggesting that vaccines based on DIOSynVax antigens may also protect against future SARS-CoV-2 variants.

DIOSynVax (Digitally Immune Optimised Synthetic Vaccines) uses a combination of computational biology, protein structure, immune optimisation, and synthetic biology to maximise and widen the spectrum of protection that vaccines can provide against global threats including existing and future virus outbreaks. Its vaccine candidates can be deployed in a variety of vaccine delivery and manufacturing platforms. The results are reported in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.

Since the SARS outbreak in 2002, coronavirus ‘spillovers’ from animals to humans have been a threat to public health, and require vaccines that provide broad-based protection. “In nature, there are lots of these viruses just waiting for an accident to happen,” said Professor Jonathan Heeney from Cambridge’s Department of Veterinary Medicine, who led the research. “We wanted to come up with a vaccine that wouldn’t only protect against SARS-CoV-2, but all its relatives.”

All currently available vaccines, such as the seasonal flu vaccine and existing Covid-19 vaccines, are based on virus strains or variants that arose at some point in the past. “However, viruses are mutating and changing all the time,” said Heeney. “Current vaccines are based on a specific isolate or variant that occurred in the past, it’s possible that a new variant will have arisen by the time we get to the point that the vaccine is manufactured, tested and can be used by people.”

Heeney’s team has been developing a new approach to coronavirus vaccines, by targeting their ‘Achilles heel’. Instead of targeting just the spike proteins on the virus that change to evade our immune system, the Cambridge vaccine targets the critical regions of the virus that it needs to complete its virus life cycle. The team identifies these regions through computer simulations and selecting conserved structurally engineered antigens. “This approach allows us to have a vaccine with a broad effect that viruses will have trouble getting around,” said Heeney.

Using this approach, the team identified a unique antigen structure that gave a broad-based immune responses against different Sarbeco coronaviruses, the large group of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 related viruses that occur in nature. The optimised antigen is compatible with all vaccine delivery systems: the team administered it as a DNA immunogen (in collaboration with the University of Regensburg), a weakened version of a virus (Modified Vaccinia Ankara, supported by ProBiogen), and as an mRNA vaccine (in collaboration with Ethris). In all cases, the optimised antigen generated a strong immune response in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs against a range of coronaviruses. Based on a strong safety profile, the "first-in-human" clinical trials are ongoing at Southampton and Cambridge NIHR Clinical Research Facilities. The last booster immunisations will conclude by the end of September.

“Unlike current vaccines that use wild-type viruses or parts of viruses that have caused trouble in the past, this technology combines lessons learned from nature’s mistakes and aims to protect us from the future,” said Heeney. “These optimised synthetic antigens generate broad immune responses, targeted to the key sites of the virus that can’t change easily. It opens the door for vaccines against viruses that we don’t yet know about. This is an exceptionally different vaccine technology – it’s a real turning point.”

The research was initially funded by the DHSC UK Vaccine Network programme and later in part by the Innovate UK DIOS-CoVax programme. The DIOSynVax pipeline includes vaccine candidates for influenza viruses, haemorrhagic fever viruses, and coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, the latter of which is currently in clinical trials.

DIOSynVax is a spin-out company from the University of Cambridge, established in 2017 with the support of Cambridge Enterprise, the University’s commercialisation arm. Jonathan Heeney is the Professor of Comparative Pathology at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow at Darwin College.

Reference:
Sneha Vishwanath et al. ‘A computationally designed antigen eliciting broad humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 and related sarbecoviruses.’ Nature Biomedical Engineering (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01094-2

Studies of a ‘future-proof’ vaccine candidate have shown that just one antigen can be modified to provide a broadly protective immune response in animals. The studies suggest that a single vaccine with combinations of these antigens – a substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it – could protect against an even greater range of current and future coronaviruses.

Infectious diseasesCoronavirusCOVID-19vaccineFuture therapeuticsanimal researchJonathan HeeneyInnovate UKDIOSynVaxDepartment of Veterinary MedicineSchool of the Biological SciencesLaboratory of Viral ZoonoticsDarwin CollegeCambridge EnterpriseCambridge Infectious DiseasesThis is an exceptionally different vaccine technology – it’s a real turning pointJonathan HeeneyUma Shankar sharma via Getty ImagesVirus mutation


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Widely-used COVID-19 antiviral could be helping SARS-CoV-2 to evolve

Mon, 25/09/2023 - 16:00

The drug works by disrupting the virus’s genome, causing it to develop random mutations as it replicates, weakening the virus to prevent replication, thereby enabling clearance of infection.

But in research published today in Nature, scientists have shown that in some cases, mutated forms of the virus have been able to be transmitted from patients treated with molnupiravir and spread within the community.

Dr Christopher Ruis from the Department of Medicine at the University of Cambridge said: “Molnupiravir is one of a number of drugs being used to fight COVID-19. It belongs to a class of drugs that can cause the virus to mutate so much that it is fatally weakened. But what we’ve found is that in some patients, this process doesn’t kill all the viruses, and some mutated viruses can spread. This is important to take into account when assessing the overall benefits and risks of molnupiravir and similar drugs.”

Molnupiravir, marketed under the brand name Lagevrio, is licensed for the treatment of COVID-19 in several countries, including the UK, USA and Japan. It has been used to treat the disease since late 2021.

In the body, molnupiravir is converted into a molecule that disrupts the genome of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, introducing some nucleotide mutations in its RNA – randomly changing some Cs to Ts and some Gs to As. These changes mean that as the virus replicates, its progeny get weaker, reducing how quickly the virus is able to replicate and ridding the body of the virus.

However, concern has been expressed that in some cases, a number of mutated viruses may not be killed off quickly enough and so are able to infect other individuals, potentially allowing new mutated viruses to spread.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of countries – spearheaded by the Cambridge-led COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium – sequenced virus samples, depositing the information in databases such as the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) and the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). This allowed scientists and public health agencies to track the evolution and spread of the virus, and in particular to look out for so-called ‘variants of concern’ – versions of the virus with mutations that might make them more transmissible, more lethal, or able to evade the immune system of vaccinated individuals, such as the Delta and Omicron variants.

A team of researchers from the UK and South Africa noticed a number of viral genomes that contained a large number of mutations, particularly where Cs had changed to Ts and Gs to As. While C-to-T mutations are relatively common overall in SARS-CoV-2 evolution, G-to-A mutations occur much less frequently, and a higher proportion of G-to-A mutations is associated with molnupiravir treatment.

The team then analysed a family tree of more than 15 million SARS-CoV-2 sequences in the GISAID and INSDC databases looking for which mutations had occurred at each point in the virus’s evolutionary history. They found that viruses with this signature of mutations had begun to emerge almost exclusively from 2022 onwards and in countries and age groups where molnupiravir was being widely used to treat COVID-19.

To confirm the link, the researchers examined treatment records in England and found that at least one in three of viruses showing the mutational signature involved the use of molnupiravir.

The researchers also saw small clusters of patients infected with mutated viruses, which suggests that these new viruses were being passed from one person to another. However, none of the known variants of concern has so far been linked to the use of molnupiravir.

Dr Theo Sanderson from the Francis Crick Institute, said: “COVID-19 is still having a major effect on human health, and some people have difficulty clearing the virus, so it’s important we develop drugs which aim to cut short the length of infection. But our evidence shows that a specific antiviral drug, molnupiravir, also results in new mutations, increasing the genetic diversity in the surviving viral population.

“Our findings are useful for ongoing assessment of the risks and benefits of molnupiravir treatment. The possibility of persistent antiviral-induced mutations needs to be taken into account for the development of new drugs which work in a similar way.”

The research was funded by Wellcome, Cancer Research UK, the Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Fondation Botnar, UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust and the Oxford Martin School.

Reference
Sanderson, T et al. A molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in global SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Nature; 25 Sept 2023: DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06649-6

Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug used to treat patients with COVID-19, appears to be driving SARS-CoV-2 to mutate and evolve, with some of these new viruses being transmitted onwards, a new study has shown. It is not clear, however, whether these mutated viruses pose an increased risk to patients or are able to evade the vaccine.

CoronavirusCOVID-19Christopher RuisWellcomeCancer Research UK (CRUK)Medical Research CouncilNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Fondation BotnarCystic Fibrosis TrustOxford Martin SchoolSchool of Clinical MedicineDepartment of MedicineCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID)Cambridge Infectious DiseasesCambridge Fights COVIDMolnupiravir belongs to a class of drugs that can cause the virus to mutate so much that it is fatally weakened. But what we’ve found is that in some patients, this process doesn’t kill all the virusesChristopher Ruisvisuals3DdeSARS-CoV-2 viruses


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How new model boosts supply and lowers prices for generic drugs

Thu, 21/09/2023 - 16:31

Civica Rx, a not-for-profit drug manufacturer founded by seven US health systems and three philanthropic organisations, increased supply security and lowered cost on aggregate for 20 drug products, according to the first empirical evidence of Civica’s impact published in the journal NEJM Catalyst.

“Results show that Civica was able to improve generic drug access above the wholesaler model,” says the article in NEJM Catalyst, a publication that is part of the New England Journal of Medicine family. “Chronic drug shortages have been an extremely challenging problem and elusive to sustainable improvement in the past. This makes these early results highly promising.”

The NEJM Catalyst article (entitled “Vaccinating Health Care Supply Chains Against Market Failure: The Case of Civica Rx”) – is co-authored by the co-founders of the Healthcare Utility Initiative at Cambridge Judge Business School: Carter Dredge, Senior Vice President and Lead Futurist at SSM Health in St. Louis, Missouri (one of Civica’s founding health systems), who is a Business Doctorate candidate at Cambridge Judge, and by Stefan Scholtes, Dennis Gillings Professor of Health Management at Cambridge Judge.

Key breakthrough is structural rather than technological

“The results of this study are very encouraging for patients and health systems,” says Carter Dredge. “The innovation of Civica is not technological but rather structural: a new business model that injects a new type of supplier into a decades-old market for generic drugs in order to address a market failure.”

Civica is based on new business model called a health care utility (HCU) that prioritises access over profit. It was founded in 2018 to address generic drug shortages and high prices that have plagued health systems in the US and elsewhere, and now provides more than 75 critical medications at risk for shortages to US health systems.

Government intervention hasn’t solved problems in cost and supply

“Some problems in health care are so complex that traditional private-sector or governmental interventions alone have not been able to solve the problems,” the study says. “Although competition increases quality and reduces the cost of goods and services across a wide spectrum of industries, health care seems intractably resistant to standard forms of competition — particularly in its hyperspecialized supply chains.”

For example, the study says that the average price in 2022 for the uninsured for a box of five pen cartridges of insulin used to manage diabetes was more than $500, which results in 25% of Americans who rely on insulin being forced to ration their medications because of cost.

Study favourably compared Civica to 62 drug wholesalers

The study focused on a cohort of 14 critical and shortage-prone hospital drugs that represented 20 distinct products (some medicines have multiple products due to different dose and vial size) between 2020 and 2022. Data comes from internal hospital pharmacy operations systems, supply chain purchasing databases, wholesaler product information, the American Society of Health System Pharmacists, and Civica.

The authors estimated that Civica fulfilled its contractually guaranteed volume at 96%, whereas the wholesalers fulfilled their orders at 86%, with the difference being statistically significant (p=0.03). Further, Civica offered an additional product access benefit of 43% above the contractual minimum volume.

In addition, wholesaler prices at the order level were estimated to be on average 46% above the Civica price for the same product in the same year; however, through highly proactive health system purchasing efforts to buy more volume when prices were low from the 62 non-Civica manufacturers, this closed the actual achieved cost-savings gap between the wholesalers and Civica to 2.7% in aggregate, with Civica still being the lower-cost option.

(The 14 medicines are: bivalirudin to prevent blood clotting, the antibiotic daptomycin, anti-inflammatory dexamethasone, narcotic pain medicine fentanyl, pre-surgery medicine katamine, labetalol for hypertension, local anesthetic lidocaine, seizure medication lorazepam, naloxone to treat opioid overdose, neostigmine for anesthesia reversal, ondansetron to prevent nausea, rocuronium bromide for general anesthesia, sodium bicarbonate for cardiac arrest, and the antibiotic vancomycin.)

New model sells drugs at same transparent price to all health systems

The healthcare utility model is governed by stewards rather than owned, and pricing is uniform for all customers in a bid to maximise access rather than profits. Civica members purchase Civica medications at the same transparent price, as determined by the lowest appropriate cost necessary to sustainably provide the drugs over a 5-year period.

The seven large US health systems that founded Civica are: Catholic Health Initiatives, now CommonSpirit Health; HCA Healthcare; Intermountain Healthcare; Mayo Clinic; Providence St. Joseph Health; SSM Health; and Trinity Health. The three founding philanthropies are the Gary and Mary West Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, and the Peterson Center on Healthcare.

Civica now serves more than 50 US health systems

The seven founding health systems have since been joined by more than 50 other health systems covering more than 1,500 hospitals and about 225,000 hospital beds. Through July 2023, more than 56 million cumulative patient doses of Civica medicines have been administered.

In conclusion, the authors say:

“The problems we face in health care are daunting, but many of them are solvable with the right approach. In learning from Civica’s experience, some of the most fundamental answers may already be at our fingertips.

“This article provides the first empirical evidence that this approach is working.”

First empirical evidence for Civica Rx, a health care utility, finds increased supply security and reduced costs for health systems, says study in NEJM Catalyst authored by two Cambridge Judge Business School academics.

healthcarepharmaceuticalStefan ScholtesCambridge Judge Business SchoolSchool of TechnologyEggy Sayoga via Getty ImagesPills and a capsule on pastel pink colored background. 3D rendered image.


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Suppressing negative thoughts may be good for mental health after all, study suggests

Wed, 20/09/2023 - 19:00

Researchers at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit trained 120 volunteers worldwide to suppress thoughts about negative events that worried them, and found that not only did these become less vivid, but that the participants’ mental health also improved.

“We’re all familiar with the Freudian idea that if we suppress our feelings or thoughts, then these thoughts remain in our unconscious, influencing our behaviour and wellbeing perniciously,” said Professor Michael Anderson.

“The whole point of psychotherapy is to dredge up these thoughts so one can deal with them and rob them of their power. In more recent years, we’ve been told that suppressing thoughts is intrinsically ineffective and that it actually causes people to think the thought more – it’s the classic idea of ‘Don’t think about a pink elephant’."

These ideas have become dogma in the clinical treatment realm, said Anderson, with national guidelines talking about thought avoidance as a major maladaptive coping behaviour to be eliminated and overcome in depression, anxiety, PTSD, for example.

When COVID-19 appeared in 2020, like many researchers, Professor Anderson wanted to see how his own research could be used to help people through the pandemic. His interest lay in a brain mechanism known as inhibitory control – the ability to override our reflexive responses – and how it might be applied to memory retrieval, and in particular to stopping the retrieval of negative thoughts when confronted with potent reminders to them.

Dr Zulkayda Mamat – at the time a PhD student in Professor Anderson’s lab and at Trinity College, Cambridge – believed that inhibitory control was critical in overcoming trauma in experiences occurring to herself and many others she has encountered in life. She had wanted to investigate whether this was an innate ability or something that was learnt – and hence could be taught.

Dr Mamat said: “Because of the pandemic, we were seeing a need in the community to help people cope with surging anxiety. There was already a mental health crisis, a hidden epidemic of mental health problems, and this was getting worse. So with that backdrop, we decided to see if we could help people cope better.”

Professor Anderson and Dr Mamat recruited 120 people across 16 countries to test whether it might in fact be possible – and beneficial – for people to practice suppressing their fearful thoughts. Their findings are published today in Science Advances.

In the study, each participant was asked to think of a number of scenarios that might plausibly occur in their lives over the next two years – 20 negative ‘fears and worries’ that they were afraid might happen, 20 positive ‘hopes and dreams’, and 36 routine and mundane neutral events. The fears had to be worries of current concern to them, that have repeatedly intruded in their thoughts.

Each event had to be specific to them and something they had vividly imagined occurring. For each scenario, they were to provide a cue word (an obvious reminder that could be used to evoke the event during training) and a key detail (a single word expressing a central event detail). For example:

  • Negative – visiting one’s parents at the hospital as a result of COVID-19, with the cue ‘Hospital’ and the detail ‘Breathing’.
  • Neutral – a visit to the opticians, with the cue ‘Optician’ and the detail ‘Cambridge’.
  • Positive – seeing one’s sister get married, with the cue ‘Wedding’ and the detail ‘Dress’.

Participants were asked to rate each event on a number of points: vividness, likelihood of occurrence, distance in the future, level of anxiety about the event (or level of joy for positive events), frequency of thought, degree of current concern, long-term impact, and emotional intensity.

Participants also completed questionnaires to assess their mental health, though no one was excluded, allowing the researchers to look at a broad range of participants, including many with serious depression, anxiety, and pandemic-related post-traumatic stress.

Then, over Zoom, Dr Mamat took each participant through the 20-minute training, which involved 12 ‘No-imagine’ and 12 ‘Imagine’ repetitions for events, each day for three days.

For No-imagine trials, participants were given one of their cue words, asked to first acknowledge the event in their mind.  Then, while continuing to stare directly at the reminder cue, they were asked to stop thinking about the event – they should not try to imagine the event itself or use diversionary thoughts to distract themselves, but rather should try to block any images or thoughts that the reminder might evoke.  For this part of the trial, one group of participants was given their negative events to suppress and the other given their neutral ones.

For Imagine trials, participants were given a cue word and asked to imagine the event as vividly as possible, thinking what it would be like and imagining how they would feel at the event. For ethical reasons, no participant was given a negative event to imagine, but only positive or neutral ones.

At the end of the third day and again three months later, participants were once again asked to rate each event on vividness, level of anxiety, emotional intensity, etc., and completed questionnaires to assess changes in depression, anxiety, worry, affect, and wellbeing, key facets of mental health.

Dr Mamat said: “It was very clear that those events that participants practiced suppressing were less vivid, less emotionally anxiety-inducing, than the other events and that overall, participants improved in terms of their mental health. But we saw the biggest effect among those participants who were given practice at suppressing fearful, rather than neutral, thoughts.” 

Following training – both immediately and after three months – participants reported that suppressed events were less vivid and less fearful. They also found themselves thinking about these events less.

Suppressing thoughts even improved mental health amongst participants with likely post-traumatic stress disorder. Among participants with post-traumatic stress who suppressed negative thoughts, their negative mental health indices scores fell on average by 16% (compared to a 5% fall for similar participants suppressing neutral events), whereas positive mental health indices scores increased by almost 10% (compared to a 1% fall in the second group).

In general, people with worse mental health symptoms at the outset of the study improved more after suppression training, but only if they suppressed their fears. This finding directly contradicts the notion that suppression is a maladaptive coping process.

Suppressing negative thoughts did not lead to a ‘rebound’, where a participant recalled these events more vividly. Only one person out of 120 showed higher detail recall for suppressed items post-training, and just six of the 61 participants that suppressed fears reported increased vividness for No-Imagine items post-training, but this was in line with the baseline rate of vividness increases that occurred for events that were not suppressed at all.  

“What we found runs counter to the accepted narrative,” said Professor Anderson. “Although more work will be needed to confirm the findings, it seems like it is possible and could even be potentially beneficial to actively suppress our fearful thoughts.”

Although participants were not asked to continue practising the technique, many of them chose to do so spontaneously. When Dr Mamat contacted the participants after three months, she found that the benefits in terms of reduced levels of depression and negative emotions, continued for all participants, but were most pronounced among those participants who continued to use the technique in their daily lives.

“The follow up was my favourite time of my entire PhD, because every day was just joyful,” she said. “I didn’t have a single participant who told me ‘Oh, I feel bad’ or ‘This was useless’. I didn't prompt them or ask ‘Did you find this helpful?’ They were just automatically telling me how helpful they found it.”

One participant was so impressed by the technique that she taught her daughter and her own mother how to do it. Another reported how she had moved home just prior to COVID-19 and so felt very isolated during the pandemic.

“She said this study had come exactly at the time she needed it because she was having all these negative thoughts, all these worries and anxiety about the future, and this really, really helped her,” said Dr Mamat. “My heart literally just melted, I could feel goosebumps all over me. I said to her ‘If everyone else hated this experiment, I would not care because of how much this benefited you!’.”

The research was funded by the Medical Research Council and the Mind Science Foundation.

Reference
Mamat, Z, and Anderson, MC. Improving Mental Health by Training the Suppression of Unwanted Thoughts. Sci Adv; 20 Sept 2023; DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5292

The commonly-held belief that attempting to suppress negative thoughts is bad for our mental health could be wrong, a new study from scientists at the University of Cambridge suggests.

Mental healthNeuroscienceMichael AndersonZulkayda MamatMedical Research CouncilMind Science FoundationSchool of Clinical MedicineMRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitTrinity CollegeWhat we found runs counter to the accepted narrativeMichael AndersonPrawnyKeep calm and carry on


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Cambridge remains most intensive science and technological cluster in the world

Wed, 20/09/2023 - 18:51

The 2023 Global Innovation Index (GII) – which evaluates the top-level innovative capacity of countries and economies, and identifies local concentrations of world-leading activity ­– has named Cambridge as the number one S&T cluster by intensity, in relation to its size, unchanged from the 2022 Index. San Jose, San Francisco, was named second, and Oxford, UK, third.

S&T clusters are established by analysing patent-filing activity and scientific article publication, and documenting the geographical areas around the world with the highest density of inventors and scientific authors.

According to the Index – which will be published in full on September 27 – the Cambridge cluster filed 6,582 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent applications and published 37,136 scientific articles, both per 1 million inhabitants, over the past five years.

The University of Cambridge sits at the heart of the ‘Cambridge cluster’, powering world-leading research, driving a thriving ecosystem of hundreds of spinout and start-up companies, and nurturing an environment for business services and investment.

Earlier this year, a new report by leading consultants London Economics showed that the University adds nearly £30 billion to the economy every year and supports more than 86,000 jobs across the UK.

Professor Deborah Prentice, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, said: “Cambridge is a truly extraordinary place, where leading scientists work side by side with industry and academic partners, sparking ideas and creating life-changing medicines, technologies and services. I am thrilled to see it again recognised as one of the greatest innovation hubs on the planet.”

Dr Diarmuid O’Brien, Chief Executive, Cambridge Enterprise, said: “It is fantastic to see this continued recognition of Cambridge’s success as the world’s most intensive science and technological cluster. The Cambridge innovation ecosystem is home to a unique and driven community of exceptional science, people, companies and partners, tackling global challenges and changing lives.”

Cambridge remains the most intensive science and technological cluster in the world – according to a new report ranking innovation around the globe.

Deborah PrenticeDiarmuid O'BrienCambridge Enterprise "I am thrilled to see Cambridge again recognised as one of the greatest innovation hubs on the planet.”Professor Deborah Prentice, Vice-Chancellor


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Developing ‘kinder’ treatments for a devastating childhood cancer

Wed, 20/09/2023 - 16:00
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'script', document); //--> Shorthand Story Body:  LinkedInTwitterFacebook Developing ‘kinder’ treatments for a devastating childhood cancer Neuroblastomas can be devastating to children and their families and the treatments can be harsh. But thanks to scientists, some tadpoles and a little poetry, improved treatments could soon be on their way.

By Craig Brierley

Ball of neuroblastoma cells forming mature nerves after drug treatment (Credit: Kirsty Ferguson/Developmental Cell)

Ball of neuroblastoma cells forming mature nerves after drug treatment (Credit: Kirsty Ferguson/Developmental Cell)

Published: 20 September 2023

Children with neuroblastoma – responsible for 15% of cancer deaths in this age group – could in future be given treatments with fewer side-effects than those associated with the current chemotherapy, thanks to a discovery by researchers at the University of Cambridge.

The approach involves the use of a ‘differentiation therapy’, a type of treatment that does not involve killing cancer cells, but instead involves encouraging cells to become normal non-dividing cells. 

While this new research is still at an early stage and has yet to be trialled in patients, it involves a combination of two drugs already approved for use – palbociclib, a treatment used for certain types of breast cancers, and retinoic acid, used to treat neuroblastoma patients at most risk of relapse.

The findings of the study, funded by Cancer Research UK, are published today in Developmental Cell.

Neuroblastoma is the third most common cause of cancer deaths in children, after brain tumours and blood cancers. It arises in immature nerve cells known as neuroblasts, with around half of all neuroblastomas originating in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys, and the remainder occurring in other areas of the abdomen, chest, neck or around the spine where nerve cells exist.

As the embryo develops, cells divide and replicate, migrating around the body, where they stop dividing and ‘differentiate’ into mature cell types, with chemical ‘switches’ attached to the DNA in cells turning its genes on and off and telling the cell how to behave.

Some of these cells go on to form the peripheral nervous system, which includes any nerves outside the brain. Occasionally this programming goes awry and the immature cells carry on dividing instead of forming mature neurons, leading to the development of neuroblastoma. The disease varies in its aggressiveness depending on the maturity of the cells within the tumour, with the most mature or differentiated tumours being the least aggressive, and the least differentiated tumours carrying the highest risk of relapse and death.

Professor Anna Philpott, who led the research at the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute at Cambridge, was inspired to study neuroblastoma after her niece was diagnosed with the disease as a child. Fortunately, unlike many children affected by this form of cancer, her niece’s story had a happy ending, and she is now a student in her twenties.

"I’ve seen first-hand how devastating this disease can be as it affects such young children and can be a particularly gruelling disease for families to manage."

Professor Philpott, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Clare College, Cambridge.

“Its outcomes are very variable. Some children can be cured with surgery or chemotherapy, but others will need to receive a very high dose of chemotherapy – and some of them then relapse and require further treatment.”

Chemotherapy – while it can be effective – is a blunt instrument. It needs to kill cancer cells, but in doing so it can kill cells in other tissue, causing side effects. In neuroblastoma treatments, some of these side effects are relatively mild and many are temporary, though some can be life-threatening such as severe infections because of impaired immunity. There is also a significant risk of long-term complications including hearing impairment, growth restrictions and infertility. Some children can also develop second cancers as a result of the chemotherapy given to treat neuroblastoma.

Professor Philpott’s previous research had involved studying the normal development of nerve cells in tadpoles, but a chance encounter at a Cambridge seminar with a trustee of the patient charity Neuroblastoma UK made her realise that she could apply her findings to the condition that had affected her niece.

Joint first author Dr Kirsty Ferguson, a researcher at the Cambridge Stem Cell Institute said: “From studies of normal development, we know that if you’re able to slow down cell division, then the cells’ programming begins to correct itself and they get back on track in terms of differentiating. We wanted to see if there was a way of encouraging this to happen in neuroblastoma cells.”

The team was able to show in a laboratory setting that treating neuroblastoma cells in a dish with palbociclib – already approved for front-line treatment of HR-positive and HER2-negative breast cancers – causes them to slow their division significantly and form mature nerves.

“Neuroblastoma cells don’t look like nerves, but more like round cells that divide very rapidly,” added Dr Ferguson. “But when we treated them with palbociclib, their division slowed down and they started to grow axons and dendrites, which was an indication to us that they were maturing into nerves.”

Ball of neuroblastoma cells forming mature nerves after drug treatment (Credit: Kirsty Ferguson/Developmental Cell)

Ball of neuroblastoma cells forming mature nerves after drug treatment (Credit: Kirsty Ferguson/Developmental Cell)

With collaborator Professor Louis Chesler from the Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, they then used the drug to treat mice into which human neuroblastoma cells had been grafted, and found that it was able to significantly reduce tumour growth. The drug was also effective at extending lifespans in mice that had been genetically-altered to develop neuroblastoma.

But palbociclib was not enough to fully stop the growth of neuroblastoma. Although the cells looked like mature nerve cells, they continued to divide, only at a slower rate. To counter this, the team treated the cells in the dish with retinoic acid in addition to palbociclib. Retinoic acid is a drug currently used as a maintenance therapy for neuroblastoma patients at highest risk of relapse, and the team found that this stopped the division of neuroblastoma cells even more effectively.

Professor Philpott and her collaborators, including Professor Suzanne Turner in the Department of Pathology at Cambridge, have now received funding from the Medical Research Council and Cancer Research UK to continue their research, including testing the effect of the drug combination in mice prior to taking this to clinical trial in children.

Dr Sarah Gillen, joint first author and also from Professor Philpott’s lab, said: “Children will still need chemotherapy to kill the main tumour, but once that treatment is out of the way, we think the combination of palbociclib and retinoic acid should be enough to stop any remaining neuroblastoma cells in their tracks."

"Because these drugs don’t need to kill the tumour cells, only to guide them back to the right path, it should be a much kinder treatment with fewer side-effects."

 Dr Sarah Gillen

Professor Philpott added: “Because both of these drugs have already been shown to be safe in people – and one of them is already in use in children – the clinical trial process should be much faster. If it’s successful, then we could see this new treatment being used within the next decade.”

PhD student Lidiya Mykhaylechko looking at neuroblastoma cells (Credit: Kirsty Ferguson)

PhD student Lidiya Mykhaylechko looking at neuroblastoma cells (Credit: Kirsty Ferguson)

Dr Laura Danielson, Children’s and Young People’s Research Lead at Cancer Research UK, said: “Each year in the UK around 100 children are diagnosed with neuroblastoma. Better and less toxic treatments are needed to ensure more of these children survive and with a better quality of life. 

“Although further studies are warranted, it is great to see this early research of a new therapy, or combination of therapies, that could potentially be beneficial in better treating neuroblastoma and with fewer side effects.”

Dr Laura Danielson, Cancer Research UK

Creative encounters with neuroblastoma patients and families

As well as carrying out her research into neuroblastoma, Dr Kirsty Ferguson writes poetry about her work as a way of engaging with patients and their families.

“It's a really nice way of taking some quite technical science and turning it into a positive force for good and common understanding,” she said.

As part of Cambridge Creative Encounters for the 2023 Cambridge Festival, Dr Ferguson was inspired by patient and family stories from the charity Neuroblastoma UK as a basis for some of her poetry.

“I found some very powerful and moving stories which I combined into a poem to help others understand what it’s like to live through this condition,” she added.

“The message ‘fly high’ speaks to children who are sadly no longer with us, those who have survived neuroblastoma and fly high despite side-effects, and families who continue to navigate this path alongside their children and courageously share their stories.”

Dr Kirsty Ferguson

Fly High

By Kirsty Ferguson

With many thanks to Neuroblastoma UK and all those who allowed their words to be shared, which are italicised throughout this poem.

None of us
had heard the word
neuroblastoma,
until that frightful day.

Just 18 months old,
Tumour size of a fist,
With ten per cent chance
of surviving, they say.

Then chemotherapy, surgery,
A stem cell transplant;
We were so proud
Of her fighting spirit.

Radio-,
Differentiation-,
Immuno-therapy;
And he never complained one bit.

This cancer -
It was relentless.
What would we fight
It with now?

There’s a lasting impact
When a child has cancer,
But we continue through,
Somehow.

My little angel
Slipped away that morning,
As I whispered,
“I love you, fly high”.

Now up above,
With wings they spread,
Sparkles of hope
In the deep blue sky.

See everyone
needs a bit of hope,
Even just,
A tiny glimmer.

You never know the journey
Life will take you on -
Remember to look
For the things that shimmer.

Put your heart and soul
Into what you want to achieve -
Don’t let cancer
Hold you back.

I truly wish you
A future you deserve,
Fly high,
And never look back.

Image captions

    Reference

    Ferguson, KM & Gillen, SL et al. Palbococlib releases the latent differentiation capacity of neuroblastoma cells. Dev Cell; 20 Sept 2023; DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.028

    TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

    Neuroblastomas can be devastating to children and their families and the treatments can be harsh. But thanks to scientists, some tadpoles and a little poetry, improved treatments could soon be on their way.

    Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): School of Clinical MedicineSchool of the Biological SciencesWellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteExternal Affiliations: Cancer Research UK (CRUK)People (our academics and staff): Anna PhilpottKirsty FergusonSarah GillenSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): Stem cellsCancerneuroblastomaStoriesSection: ResearchSuper Tags: Health and medicineShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: Neuroblastomas can be devastating to children and their families and the treatments can be harsh. But thanks to scientists, some tadpoles and a little poetry, improved treatments could soon be on their way.Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/241691/hReRXlTEZ7/assets/oyojcPit2N/neuroblastoma-1-land-thumbnail.jpg

    Machine learning models can produce reliable results even with limited training data

    Tue, 19/09/2023 - 11:03

    The researchers, from the University of Cambridge and Cornell University, found that for partial differential equations – a class of physics equations that describe how things in the natural world evolve in space and time – machine learning models can produce reliable results even when they are provided with limited data.

    Their results, reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could be useful for constructing more time- and cost-efficient machine learning models for applications such as engineering and climate modelling.

    Most machine learning models require large amounts of training data before they can begin returning accurate results. Traditionally, a human will annotate a large volume of data – such as a set of images, for example – to train the model.

    “Using humans to train machine learning models is effective, but it’s also time-consuming and expensive,” said first author Dr Nicolas Boullé, from the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences. “We’re interested to know exactly how little data we actually need to train these models and still get reliable results.”

    Other researchers have been able to train machine learning models with a small amount of data and get excellent results, but how this was achieved has not been well-explained. For their study, Boullé and his co-authors, Diana Halikias and Alex Townsend from Cornell University, focused on partial differential equations (PDEs).

    “PDEs are like the building blocks of physics: they can help explain the physical laws of nature, such as how the steady state is held in a melting block of ice,” said Boullé, who is an INI-Simons Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow. “Since they are relatively simple models, we might be able to use them to make some generalisations about why these AI techniques have been so successful in physics.”

    The researchers found that PDEs that model diffusion have a structure that is useful for designing AI models. “Using a simple model, you might be able to enforce some of the physics that you already know into the training data set to get better accuracy and performance,” said Boullé.

    The researchers constructed an efficient algorithm for predicting the solutions of PDEs under different conditions by exploiting the short and long-range interactions happening. This allowed them to build some mathematical guarantees into the model and determine exactly how much training data was required to end up with a robust model.

    “It depends on the field, but for physics, we found that you can actually do a lot with a very limited amount of data,” said Boullé. “It’s surprising how little data you need to end up with a reliable model. Thanks to the mathematics of these equations, we can exploit their structure to make the models more efficient.”

    The researchers say that their techniques will allow data scientists to open the ‘black box’ of many machine learning models and design new ones that can be interpreted by humans, although future research is still needed.

    “We need to make sure that models are learning the right things, but machine learning for physics is an exciting field – there are lots of interesting maths and physics questions that AI can help us answer,” said Boullé.

     

    Reference:
    Nicolas Boullé, Diana Halikias, and Alex Townsend. ‘Elliptic PDE learning is provably data-efficient.’ PNAS (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303904120

    Researchers have determined how to build reliable machine learning models that can understand complex equations in real-world situations while using far less training data than is normally expected.

    Artificial intelligencemachine learningPhysicsClimatealgorithmBig dataNicolas BoulléCornell UniversityIsaac Newton InstituteSchool of the Physical SciencesIt’s surprising how little data you need to end up with a reliable modelNicolas BoulléAndriy Onufriyenko via Getty ImagesDigital generated image of multi coloured glowing data over landscape.


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    YesNews type: NewsSuper Tags: ScienceTechnology

    Witchcraft accusations an ‘occupational hazard’ for female workers in early modern England

    Tue, 19/09/2023 - 09:53
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'script', document); //--> */ Shorthand Story Body:  Witchcraft accusations were an ‘occupational hazard’ for female workers in early modern England

    Published 19 September 2023. Story: Fred Lewsey

    Women’s working conditions increased the odds of them being suspected as witches, according to a new analysis of an English astrologer’s case files from the early 17th century.

    While both men and women have historically been accused of the malicious use of magic, only around 10–30% of suspected witches were men by the 16th and 17th centuries.*  

    This bias towards women is often attributed to misogyny as well as economic hard times. Now, a Cambridge historian has added another contributing factor to the mix.  

    Dr Philippa Carter argues that the types of employment open to women at the time came with a much higher risk of facing allegations of witchcraft, or maleficium.

    In a study published in the journal Gender & History, Carter uses the casebooks of Richard Napier – an astrologer who treated clients in Jacobean England using star-charts and elixirs – to analyse links between witchcraft accusations and the occupations of those under suspicion.

    Most of the jobs involved healthcare or childcare, food preparation, dairy production or livestock care, all of which left women exposed to charges of magical sabotage when death, disease or spoilage caused their clients suffering and financial loss.

    “Natural processes of decay were viewed as ‘corruption’. Corrupt blood made wounds rankle and corrupt milk made foul cheese,” said Carter, from Cambridge’s Department of History and Philosophy of Science.

    “Women’s work saw them become the first line of defence against corruption, and this put them at risk of being labelled as witches when their efforts failed.”

    This was in contrast to men’s work, which often involved labour with sturdy or rot-resistant materials such as iron, fire or stone.  

    Moreover, women often worked several jobs, usually in the heart of their communities – criss-crossing between homes, bakehouses, wells, marketplaces – rather than off in fields or workshops.

    “The frequency of social contact in female occupations increased the chance of becoming embroiled in the rifts or misunderstandings that often underpinned suspicions of witchcraft,” said Carter.

    “Many accusations stemmed from simply being present around the time of another’s misfortune.”    

    “Women often combined multiple income streams, working in several households to make ends meet: watching children, preparing food, treating invalids. They worked not just in one high-risk sector, but in many at once. It stacked the odds against them.”

    As part of a decade-long project at Cambridge University, over 80,000 of the case notes scribbled down by the astrologer-doctors Richard Napier and Simon Forman were catalogued and digitised.

    Napier serviced the physical and mental health needs of ordinary people from the area surrounding his Buckinghamshire practice, taking reams of personal notes on the woes of his clients. His records reveal everyday attitudes to magic in the decades before the English Civil War.

    Portrait of Richard Napier, c 1630. Credit: Ashmolean Museum

    Portrait of Richard Napier, c 1630. Credit: Ashmolean Museum

    “While complaints ranged from heartbreak to toothache, many came to Napier with concerns of having been bewitched by a neighbour,” said Carter.

    “Clients used Napier as a sounding board for these fears, asking him for confirmation from the stars or for amulets to protect them against harm.”

    “Most studies of English witchcraft are based on judicial records, often pre-trial interrogations, by which point execution was a real possibility. Napier’s records are less engineered. He seems to have kept these notes only for his own reference,” Carter said.

    “The astrologer’s services were accessible to the average person. People might visit him to stress-test their theories or look for magical solutions, rather than attempt a risky lawsuit. Napier’s notes allow us access to witchcraft beliefs at a grassroots level, as suspicions bubbled up in England’s villages.”  

    Carter was able to use the now-digitised casebooks to trawl through his notes for suspected bewitchments, which made up only 2.5% of Napier’s total casefiles.

    Between 1597 and 1634, Napier recorded 1,714 witchcraft accusations. The majority of both accusers and suspects were women, although the ratio of female suspects was far higher.**

    Some 802 clients identified the suspected witches by name, and 130 of these contained some detail about the suspect’s work.

    Six types of work featured regularly across the 130 cases: food services, healthcare, childcare, household management, animal husbandry, and dairying. Such forms of labour were either regularly or almost exclusively the domain of women.

    Dairy was symbolically tied to women as “milk-producers”. Carter found 17 cases of magical spoliation of dairy, and 16 involved women only. For example, Alice Gray suspected her neighbours when cheese began to “rise up in bunches like biles [boils] &… heave & wax bitter”. Failures in brewing and baking were also attributed to female witchcraft.

    Women often managed food supplies – a power that bred suspicion. Many tales of tit-for-tat maleficium in Napier’s notes derived from spurned requests for food. “Women were both distributers and procurers of food, and failed food exchanges could seed suspicions,” said Carter.

    One potential witch, Joan Gill, gained her reputation after her husband consumed milk she had been saving, and the spoon he supped it with lodged itself in his mouth overnight.   

    Not just denying others food but also supplying it could end in accusation. Nine out of ten suspects who sold food were women, with 25 accusations resulting from a bout of sickness after being fed.    

    Many women practised as local healers, or “cunning folk”, but this too was a risky occupation: suspicions arose when treatments failed. One male customer, troubled with “a great sorenes [in] his privy [private] partes”, told Napier a female healer had “wewitched him” after he sought a second opinion.

    Some of the riskiest work was in what we now call “caring professions”, still dominated by women today: midwifery, attending to the sick or elderly, childminding, and so on. For example, thirteen suspects had cared for the accuser in her childbed.

    Infant mortality was high, and the prospect of losing a child often motivated allegations. Over 13% of all recorded witchcraft accusations naming a suspect involved a victim under the age of 12. 

    Loss of sheep and cattle was also a common cause of accusation. Just over half of livestock workers at the time were women. This parity can be seen in accusers (28 men and 28 women) but not suspects (15 men and 91 women).

    “Napier’s casebooks suggest that disputes between men over livestock could get deflected onto women,” said Carter.

    “An early modern housewife was responsible for managing the health of livestock as well as humans; she made the poultices and syrups used to treat both. When an animal sickened strangely, this could be interpreted as a malefic abuse of her healing skills.”

    "Gendered divisions of labour contributed to the predominance of female witchcraft suspects,” added Carter. “In times of crisis, lingering suspicions could erupt as mass denunciations. England’s mid-17th-century witch trials saw hundreds of women executed within the space of three years.

    “Every Halloween we are reminded that the stereotypical witch is a woman. Historically, the riskiness of ‘women’s work’ may be part of the reason why.” 

    The physical calf-bound volumes of Richard Napier’s casebooks are housed in the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Library.

    *In mainland Europe, the British Isles and New England in the US.
    ** Of the 802 accusers in Napier’s records, 500 were female and 232 were male. The gender of the remaining 70 was not recorded. Among the 960 suspects identified by this group of accusers, 855 were female and 105 were male. Collectively, this group of suspects was accused of at least 1,090 separate accounts of maleficium.

    Top image: A witch and a devil working together in a woodcut from 1720. Credit: Wellcome collection

    TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

    Women’s working conditions increased the odds of them being suspected as witches, according to a new analysis of an English astrologer’s case files from the early 17th century.

    Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Department of History and Philosophy of SciencePeople (our academics and staff): Philippa CarterSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): early modern historyhistorycasebooksfolklorewitchcraftSection: ResearchNews type: NewsSuper Tags: Arts and humanitiesShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: Women’s working conditions increased the odds of them being suspected as witches, according to a new analysis of an English astrologer’s case files from the early 17th century.Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/241761/fSiHjaZcwr/assets/M5AZellzmz/witchsh1-thumbnail.jpg

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'script', document); //--> */ Shorthand Story Body:  LinkedInTwitterFacebook Are we alone? Is our presence here on Earth a one off or was the emergence of life inevitable?

    A new postgraduate programme will train researchers to understand life's origins, search for habitable planets and consider the most profound question of all.

    By Louise Walsh

    "The question of whether we are alone was once only the preserve of religion and philosophy but has recently become central to the natural sciences. We are now on the cusp of finding the answer."

    Professor Oliver Shorttle

    Film: Explore Planetary Science and Life in the Universe at the University of Cambridge

    A new MPhil programme at the University of Cambridge will deliver postgraduate training in the search for life’s origins on Earth and its discovery on planets beyond Earth.

    The course will explore the requirements for life’s beginnings: from its astrophysical origins to the emergence of biospheres, providing the essential knowledge for research in planetary science and life in the Universe. 

    "This is a unique course delivered at a unique time," says course Director Professor Oliver Shorttle. "It will train a new generation of scientists who think across disciplines and drive a new period of discovery in the search for knowledge of life’s origins and presence in the Universe."

    The new MPhil has been designed by leading scientists from the Leverhulme Centre for Life in the Universe, which brings together researchers from across the University of Cambridge to enable cross-disciplinary research on the origin, nature and distribution of life in the Universe.

    Almost 30 years ago, Cambridge's Didier Queloz, who leads the Centre, discovered a planet orbiting another sun (an exoplanet) while he was a PhD student in Geneva. The Nobel-prize-winning discovery raised the possibility of Earth-like twins that are warmed by their Sun and where life could exist.

    "Today, the search for the origins of life have taken us to reconstructing Earth’s earliest moments where chemistry became life, to probing the atmospheres of distant exoplanets for evidence of living organisms, to investigating ancient lake sediments on our neighbouring Mars, to seeking answers in philosophy to our most profound questions," says Shorttle, who is jointly based at Cambridge's Department of Earth Sciences and Institute of Astronomy.

    Recently an international team of astronomers led by the University of Cambridge published the first evidence of carbon-based molecules in the atmosphere of an exoplanet, raising the possibility of potentially habitable worlds elsewhere in the Universe.

    Film: Carbon-based molecules found on 'water world' exoplanet

    "Astronomers have given us the 'black dot' of known exoplanets, and we are now edging towards more complete, colourful pictures of their pasts and their possible futures," adds Shorttle.

    "This requires the help of chemists, zoologists, plant biologists, earth scientists, physicists and philosophers. This MPhil programme is exciting because it's the first time that researchers from so many disciplines are tackling the question of life in the Universe."

    We meet some of the community engaged in this research here.

    What can White Dwarfs tell us about habitable planets? "Our planet Earth is the only planet that we know to host complex life (us). What was it that happened during Earth's history to make it the habitable planet that we live on today? Our work looks to planetary systems beyond the Solar System to explore how a planet's history leads to its final properties. Key to building a habitable planet is having the right ingredients. But finding out what a planet hundreds of light years away is made from is not easy. Our group makes use of a special phenomenon whereby old stars, White Dwarfs, reveal what exoplanets are made from. "

    Dr Amy Bonsor, Institute of Astronomy

    Listening to the chemistry of life "Chemistry is like a symphony. Each reaction, like a musical instrument, must work together in harmony for the symphony to emerge, rather than a cacophony. The chemistry that leads to life's origin must exist in harmony. The metabolism that life uses today appears impossible to harmonise without enzymes, and there were no enzymes before there was life. Can there be harmony in other prebiotic chemical networks? This is what we do: we find out where chemistry can be harmonised. Where this is not possible, we work to identify what would need to be changed in the chemistry in order to bring the chemistry back into harmony. In this way, we will better understand the first chemical steps that occurred to generate life."

    Dr Paul Rimmer, Department of Physics

    Are we unique in the Universe? "We investigate the role of environmental conditions in facilitating the origins and evolution of life. To do this, we use theory, experiments and field-based observations to look at the chemistry of natural waters on the modern and ancient Earth, and on ancient Mars. We have used this approach to unravel the co-evolution of seawater chemistry and climate through Earth’s early history, and to reconstruct ancient environments on Mars through our involvement in the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover mission. We connect chemistry with the Earth and Planetary sciences in order to help understand whether the Earth, and the processes that made life possible, are unique in the Universe."

    Professor Nicholas Tosca, Department of Earth Sciences

    Is there a planetary recipe for life? "We investigate how planets come to harbour life: what happens during their formation so that life may eventually emerge from chemistry on their surfaces, and how they operate over billions of years to maintain conditions amenable to life. These questions have led us to date when the building blocks of planets were crashing into each other in the earliest solar system, to the clouds of Venus where we estimated how much life could be supported there, and out to planets beyond our solar system, where we have identified how much life-essential water they may store in their interiors. Our research provides a bridge from the Earth and Planetary Sciences to exoplanets in our quest to understand life’s origins and ubiquity in the Universe."

    Professor Oliver Shorttle, Institute of Astronomy and Department of Earth Sciences

    Could life evolve differently elsewhere? "Our research investigates the nature of evolution – how different ecological and biological processes lead to the diversity of life we have today.  A key focus is understanding the origins and evolution of early animals from 600 million years ago, and the extent to which random chance leads to the evolutionary patterns we observe.  To understand the nature of life outside the Earth, we need to understand how evolution proceeds in different environments, such as temperature or oxygen levels – and crucially how it may be different elsewhere. If we find life on an exoplanet with a similar planetary configuration as Earth, and a similar age, will there be humans?"

    Dr Emily Mitchell, Department of Zoology

    Would we recognise an alien? "The search for life elsewhere in the Universe is tangled up with a series of deep conceptual questions. Some of them concern the very idea of what it means for a thing to be living, and the closely related question of what it means for a system to evolve and adapt. The prospect of life originating independently on another planet raises the exciting possibility that alien organisms might have features that are completely different to anything we will ever encounter on Earth. But there is a pessimistic worry tied to this exotic prospect: even if we were to encounter alien organisms, is our conception of what it is to be living so parochial that we would fail to recognise them as alive? Might the same go for similar questions about the general nature of evolutionary adaptation, and the transition from non-living to living systems when life first emerges? These issues are all informed by work in the philosophy of biology."

    Professor Tim Lewens, Department of History and Philosophy of Science

    Join the search for knowledge of life’s origins and presence in the Universe

    Published 18 September 2023

    Written by Louise Walsh
    Images courtesy of Amanda Smith – Institute of Astronomy

    The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

    TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

    A new postgraduate programme will train researchers to understand life's origins, search for habitable planets and consider the most profound question of all: are we alone?

    Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Institute of AstronomyDepartment of Earth SciencesDepartment of PhysicsDepartment of ZoologyDepartment of History and Philosophy of ScienceSchool of the Physical SciencesSchool of the Biological SciencesSchool of the Humanities and Social SciencesLeverhulme Centre for Life in the UniversePeople (our academics and staff): Oliver ShorttleNicholas ToscaEmily MitchellPaul RimmerAmy BonsorTim LewensSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): astronomyexoplanetslifeuniverseEarthMarsStoriesSection: ResearchNews type: FeaturesSuper Tags: ScienceShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: A new postgraduate programme will train researchers to understand life's origins, search for habitable planets and consider the most profound question of all: are we alone?Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/241731/aVu6TGD9A0/assets/zHy5S9Dmn3/mphil_visual-straight-edited_2560by1440-thumbnail.jpg

    Roadside hedges can reduce harmful ultrafine particle pollution around schools

    Wed, 13/09/2023 - 15:19

    The research, a collaboration with Lancaster University, found that hedges can act as protective barriers against air pollution from major city roads by soaking up significant quantities of harmful particles emitted by traffic.

    The researchers applied a new type of pollution analysis, using magnetism to study particles trapped by a hedge separating a major 6-lane road from a primary school in Manchester, UK. They found that the hedge was especially successful in removing ultrafine particle pollution, which can be more damaging to health.

    “Our findings show that hedges can provide a simple, cheap and effective way to help reduce exposure to local sources of pollution,” said lead author Hassan Sheikh from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences.

    The new study differs from conventional air pollution studies because the researchers specifically measured magnetic particles, which originate from vehicle exhaust and the wearing of brake pads and tyres. That allowed them to distinguish local traffic pollution from other sources of air pollution.

    In England alone, epidemiological studies estimate that 26,000 to 38,000 deaths and thousands of NHS hospital admissions are linked to dust-like particles carried in air pollution — much of which is generated by heavy traffic in urban environments.

    This particle pollution — or particulate matter — is made up of a variety of chemical compounds, metals and other materials, some of which are toxic. The bigger particles (which are still tiny) measure less than 10 microns in diameter (called PM10) and are easily inhaled. Finer particles of less than 2.5 microns across (PM2.5) can penetrate deeper into the lungs and are small enough to enter the bloodstream.

    Children attending schools next to busy roads are especially vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their airways are still developing and they breath faster than adults.

    Sheikh and the team studied magnetic particles captured by a western red cedar ‘tredge’ (trees managed at head-height) which was previously installed outside St Ambrose Primary School as part of a trial led by Lancaster University.

    “Western red cedar does a great job in 'capturing ' particulate pollution because it has abundant, fine, evergreen leaves into which airborne particles bump and then settle from the roadside air,” said study co-author Professor Barbara Maher from the University of Lancaster who led the previous research.

    Sheikh and the team measured particles of varying sizes on the leaves of the tredge and used air filters to measure particle abundance at intervals downwind toward the school playground.

    They also developed a new experiment that used a tracer gas to understand how ultrafine particles (measuring less that 2.5 microns) moved through and were trapped by the tredge.

    Their results revealed that there was a substantial reduction in particle pollution downwind of the tredge. “The tredge acts as a permeable barrier, intercepting and capturing particles effectively on its leaves,” said Sheikh.

    In the school playground, 30 metres from the road, they measured a 78% decrease in PM10 relative to roadside air.

    They noticed that this removal was even more efficient for ultrafine PM2.5 particles. “What was remarkable was just how efficiently the tredge hoovered up the very finest particles,” said senior author Professor Richard Harrison, also from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences. They measured an 80% reduction in the ultrafine particles just behind the tredge.

    They think the ultrafine particles are preferentially filtered out by the tredge because they have a higher likelihood of being captured on the ridged surfaces of the red cedar leaves than coarser particles.

    However, they did note a slight uptick in levels of magnetic PM2.5 in the playground, although they were still 63% below roadside air. “The ultrafine particles were very effectively removed, but this shows that some air still goes over or around the tredge,” said Sheikh. Less is currently known about how particulate matter moves and disperses at this higher level, where air mixes around buildings and trees.

    “That means the design and placement of tredges near playgrounds and schools should be carefully considered so that their ability to soak up particles can be used to maximum effect,” said Harrison.

    Cllr Tracey Rawlins, Executive Member for Environment for Manchester City Council, said: "We were keen to be part of this study as Manchester seeks to embrace innovation in our efforts to become a greener city with cleaner air and tackle climate change.

    "The findings underline the contribution which nature-based innovations can make to rising to that challenge. We look forward to delivering more green screens as well as many trees at school sites, complementing our education climate change strategy," said Rawlins.

    Previously, Sheikh and Harrison used their new magnetic analysis to identify high levels of ultrafine particles polluting the London Underground. They now plan on working with colleagues at the MRC Toxicology Unit in Cambridge to find out what happens when cells are exposed to this type of ultrafine particle pollution.

     

    Reference:
    Sheikh, H. A., Maher, B. A., Woods, A. W., Tung, P. Y., & Harrison, R. J. (2023). Efficacy of green infrastructure in reducing exposure to local, traffic-related sources of airborne particulate matter (PM). Science of the Total Environment, 166598.

    A new study led by Cambridge University confirms that planting hedges between roadsides and school playgrounds can dramatically reduce children’s exposure to traffic-related particle pollution.

    pollutionChildrenCivic engagementschoolmagnetismtraffictreesHassan SheikhRichard HarrisonLancaster UniversityDepartment of Earth SciencesSchool of the Physical SciencesSt Catharine's CollegeOur findings show that hedges can provide a simple, cheap and effective way to help reduce exposure to local sources of pollutionHassan SheikhH.A. SheikhMonitoring particle air pollution either side of the tredge installed at St Ambrose primary school, Manchester


    The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified.  All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

    YesNews type: NewsSuper Tags: EnvironmentScience

    Over a third of UK medical students do not receive sexual misconduct training

    Tue, 12/09/2023 - 13:50

    The study, published today in JRSM Open and based on responses by the UK’s 34 medical schools to Freedom of Information requests, shows there is no standardisation of training on sexual misconduct across medical universities.

    Almost half of medical schools offered no training, or only generalised harassment training that was not specific to sexual misconduct or that was wholly outside the context of being a doctor.

    The researchers point to research findings earlier this year that showed training for NHS staff on sexual harassment intervention is lacking, while other reports highlighted 20,000 incidents of sexual misconduct in the NHS, leading to healthcare workers leaving their professions. In August 2023, the General Medical Council issued new professional standards for doctors which, for the first time, included explicit rules on sexual misconduct.

    Medical students, as future clinicians, have a crucial and strategic need for education that allows them to perform a critical role in exhibiting good behaviour, and intervening, identifying, assessing and reporting sexual misconduct when they see it happening at work or in wider society, say the researchers.

    Lead researcher Dr Sarah Steele of the University of Cambridge and Jesus College, Cambridge, commented: “Our study shows it cannot be assumed that graduates who are working as junior doctors have received training on sexual misconduct before starting their roles. Considering the magnitude of this issue, universities and professional bodies should urgently address this problem.”

    The researchers point to serious shortcomings within the health sector in preventing and addressing sexual misconduct, with costs in damages to address sexual misconduct in the NHS exceeding £4 million in the last five years.

    In the medical schools where compulsory sexual misconduct training was provided, a wide range of delivery methods were adopted, with workshops and lectures being the main delivery approach.

    Dr Steele said: “With such significant variations in the context and format of teaching, it is important to research which methods and content are most effective in improving these future clinicians’ responses to this form of abuse and discrimination.

    “The latest GMC professional standards make it imperative medical schools offer this training. Tomorrow’s doctors need to be trained properly if we are to put in place the zero-tolerance approach.”

    According to the study, the curriculum analysis within the study was significantly hampered by several medical schools refusing to provide information on the basis of it being proprietary knowledge. “The idea that public universities offering medical education in accordance with the General Medical Council requirements are in competition, such that they do not share curricular and do not engage in knowledge exchange, is concerning to say the least,” added Dr Steele.

    Reference
    Dowling, T and Steele, S. Is sexual misconduct training sufficient in the UK’s medical schools: Results of a cross-sectional survey and opportunities for improvement. JRSM Open; 12 Sept 2023; DOI: 10.1177/20542704231198732

    Press release from the Royal Society of Medicine

    More than a third of newly qualified doctors are leaving UK medical schools without any education on sexual misconduct specifically relating to the medical profession according to new research led by researchers at the University of Cambridge.

    Sarah SteeleSchool of Clinical MedicineCambridge Public HealthJesus CollegeOur study shows it cannot be assumed that graduates who are working as junior doctors have received training on sexual misconduct before starting their rolesSarah Steelesturti (Getty Images)Nurses walking down a corridor


    The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified.  All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

    YesNews type: NewsSuper Tags: Health and medicine

    Healthy lifestyle can help prevent depression – and new research may explain why

    Mon, 11/09/2023 - 16:00

    In research published today in Nature Mental Health, an international team of researchers, including from the University of Cambridge and Fudan University, looked at a combination of factors including lifestyle factors, genetics, brain structure and our immune and metabolic systems to identify the underlying mechanisms that might explain this link.

    According to the World Health Organization, around one in 20 adults experiences depression, and the condition poses a significant burden on public health worldwide. The factors that influence the onset of depression are complicated and include a mixture of biological and lifestyle factors.

    To better understand the relationship between these factors and depression, the researchers turned to UK Biobank, a biomedical database and research resource containing anonymised genetic, lifestyle and health information about its participants.

    By examining data from almost 290,000 people – of whom 13,000 had depression – followed over a nine-year period, the team was able to identify seven healthy lifestyle factors linked with a lower risk of depression. These were:

    • moderate alcohol consumption
    • healthy diet
    • regular physical activity
    • healthy sleep
    • never smoking
    • low-to-moderate sedentary behaviour
    • frequent social connection

    Of all of these factors, having a good night’s sleep – between seven and nine hours a night – made the biggest difference, reducing the risk of depression, including single depressive episodes and treatment-resistant depression, by 22%.

    Frequent social connection, which in general reduced the risk of depression by 18%, was the most protective against recurrent depressive disorder.

    Moderate alcohol consumption decreased the risk of depression by 11%, healthy diet by 6%, regular physical activity by 14%, never smoking by 20%, and low-to-moderate sedentary behaviour by 13%.

    Based on the number of healthy lifestyle factors an individual adhered to, they were assigned to one of three groups: unfavourable, intermediate, and favourable lifestyle. Individuals in the intermediate group were around 41% less likely to develop depression compared to those in the unfavourable lifestyle, while those in the favourable lifestyle group were 57% less likely.

    The team then examined the DNA of the participants, assigning each a genetic risk score. This score was based on the number of genetic variants an individual carried that have a known link to risk of depression. Those with the lowest genetic risk score were 25% less likely to develop depression when compared to those with the highest score – a much smaller impact than lifestyle.

    In people at high, medium, and low genetic risk for depression, the team further found that a healthy lifestyle can cut the risk of depression. This research underlines the importance of living a healthy lifestyle for preventing depression, regardless of a person's genetic risk.

    Professor Barbara Sahakian, from the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, said: “Although our DNA – the genetic hand we’ve been dealt – can increase our risk of depression, we’ve shown that a healthy lifestyle is potentially more important.

    “Some of these lifestyle factors are things we have a degree control over, so trying to find ways to improve them – making sure we have a good night’s sleep and getting out to see friends, for example – could make a real difference to people’s lives.”

    To understand why a healthy lifestyle might reduce the risk of depression, the team studied a number of other factors.

    First off, they examined MRI brain scans from just under 33,000 participants and found a number of regions of the brain where a larger volume – more neurons and connections – was linked to a healthy lifestyle. These included the pallidum, thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus.

    Next, the team looked for markers in the blood that indicated problems with the immune system or metabolism (how we process food and produce energy). Among those markers found to be linked to lifestyle were the C-reactive protein, a molecule produced in the body in response to stress, and triglycerides, one of the primary forms of fat that the body uses to store energy for later.

    These links are supported by a number of previous studies. For example, exposure to stress in life can affect how well we are able to regulate blood sugar, which may lead to a deterioration of immune function and accelerate age-related damage to cells and molecules in the body. Poor physical activity and lack of sleep can damage the body’s ability to respond to stress. Loneliness and lack of social support have been found to increase the risk of infection and increase markers of immune deficiency.

    The team found that the pathway from lifestyle to immune and metabolic functions was the most significant. In other words, a poorer lifestyle impacts on our immune system and metabolism, which in turn increases our risk of depression.

    Dr Christelle Langley, also from the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, said: “We’re used to thinking of a healthy lifestyle as being important to our physical health, but it’s just as important for our mental health. It’s good for our brain health and cognition, but also indirectly by promoting a healthier immune system and better metabolism.”

    Professor Jianfeng Feng, from Fudan University and Warwick University, added: “We know that depression can start as early as in adolescence or young adulthood, so educating young people on the importance of a healthy lifestyle and its impact on mental health should begin in schools.”

    This study was supported by grants from organisations including the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Ministry of Science, China*.

    Reference
    Zhao, Y & Yang, L et al. The brain structure, immunometabolic and genetic mechanisms underlying the association between lifestyle and depression. Nature Mental Health; 11 Sept 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s44220-023-00120-1

    *A full list of funders can be found in the paper.

    A healthy lifestyle that involves moderate alcohol consumption, a healthy diet, regular physical activity, healthy sleep and frequent social connection, while avoiding smoking and too much sedentary behaviour, reduces the risk of depression, new research has found.

    Spotlight on neuroscienceMental healthdepressionPublic healthBarbara SahakianChristelle LangleyFudan UniversitySchool of Clinical MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryCambridge NeuroscienceClare CollegeClare HallAlthough our DNA – the genetic hand we’ve been dealt – can increase our risk of depression, we’ve shown that a healthy lifestyle is potentially more important.Barbara SahakianSweet LifeA group of people standing around a table with plates of food


    The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified.  All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

    YesLicence type: Public DomainNews type: NewsSuper Tags: Health and medicine

    Methane and carbon dioxide found in atmosphere of habitable-zone exoplanet

    Mon, 11/09/2023 - 12:39
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'script', document); //--> Shorthand Story Body:  LinkedInTwitterFacebook Methane and carbon dioxide found in atmosphere of habitable-zone exoplanet

    By Sarah Collins
    Published 11 September 2023

    An international team of astronomers led by the University of Cambridge has used data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to discover methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of K2-18 b, an exoplanet in the ‘Goldilocks zone’. This is the first time that carbon-based molecules have been discovered in the atmosphere of an exoplanet in the habitable zone.

    The results are consistent with an ocean-covered surface underneath a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. The discovery provides a glimpse into a planet unlike anything else in our Solar System, and raises interesting prospects about potentially habitable worlds elsewhere in the Universe.

    K2-18 b — which is 8.6 times as massive as Earth — orbits the cool dwarf star K2-18 in the habitable zone and lies 110 light years from Earth in the constellation of Leo. A first insight into the atmosphere of  K2-18 b came from observations with the Hubble Space Telescope but the atmospheric composition has been a subject of debate. The same researchers studied K2-18 b in 2020 and 2021, and identified it as belonging to a new class of habitable exoplanets called ‘Hycean’ worlds which could accelerate the search for life elsewhere. This prompted them to take a more detailed look with JWST, Hubble’s successor.

    Using JWST’s higher resolution instruments, this new investigation has definitively identified methane and carbon dioxide in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere on K2-18 b.

    The researchers also identified another, weaker, signal in the K2-18 b spectrum. After several analyses, the researchers say that the signal could be caused by a molecule called dimethyl sulphide (DMS). On Earth, DMS is only produced by life, primarily microbial life such as marine phytoplankton, suggesting the possibility of biological activity on K2-18 b. While these signs of DMS are tentative and require further validation, the researchers say that K2-18 b and other Hycean planets could be our best chance to find life outside our Solar System.

    The results, which have been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, will be presented today (11 September) at the First Year of JWST Science Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

    Exoplanets such as K2-18 b, which have sizes between those of Earth and Neptune, are unlike anything in our Solar System. This lack of analogous nearby planets means that these ‘sub-Neptunes’ are poorly understood and the nature of their atmospheres is a matter of active debate between astronomers. 

    “Our findings underscore the importance of considering diverse habitable environments in the search for life elsewhere,” said lead author Professor Nikku Madhusudhan, from Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy. “Traditionally, the search for life on exoplanets has focused primarily on rocky planets, but Hycean worlds are significantly more conducive to atmospheric observations.”

    The abundance of methane and carbon dioxide, and dearth of ammonia, are consistent with the presence of an ocean underneath a hydrogen-rich atmosphere in K2-18 b. The inference of DMS, however, is less robust and requires further validation. “More observations are needed to determine whether it is in fact DMS that we’re seeing,” said Madhusudhan. “The possibility of DMS in the atmosphere is highly promising, but we are planning to take another look to robustly establish its presence.”

    While K2-18 b looks like a highly promising candidate in the search for life elsewhere, it is possible that it may not be able to support life. The planet’s large size — with a radius 2.6 times the radius of Earth — means that the planet’s interior likely contains a large mantle of high-pressure ice, like Neptune, but with a thinner hydrogen-rich atmosphere and an ocean surface. It is possible that the ocean is too hot to be habitable or be liquid. More observations and theoretical work are needed to establish this conclusively.

    “Although this kind of planet does not exist in our Solar System, sub-Neptunes are the most common type of planet known so far in the galaxy,” said co-author Subhajit Sarkar of Cardiff University. “We have obtained the most detailed spectrum of a habitable-zone sub-Neptune to date and this allowed us to work out the molecules that exist in its atmosphere.”

    Characterising the atmospheres of exoplanets like K2-18 b — meaning identifying their constituent gases and physical conditions — is an area of frenzied activity in astronomy. Determining the chemicals present in the atmospheres of exoplanets is vital to understanding these alien worlds and provides tantalising hints about habitability elsewhere in the Universe. However, these planets are outshone — literally — by the glare of their much larger parent stars, which makes exploring exoplanet atmospheres challenging. 

    The team sidestepped this challenge by analysing light from K2-18 b’s parent star as it passed through the exoplanet’s atmosphere. K2-18 b is a transiting exoplanet, meaning that we can detect a drop in the stellar brightness as it passes across the face of its host star. This is how the exoplanet was first discovered in 2015. This means that during transits a tiny fraction of starlight will pass through the exoplanet’s atmosphere before reaching Earth. The starlight’s passage through the atmosphere leaves ghostly traces in the stellar spectrum that astronomers can piece together to determine the constituent gases of the exoplanet’s atmosphere.

    “This result was only possible because of the extended wavelength range and unprecedented sensitivity of Webb, which enabled robust detection of spectral features with just two transits,” said Madhusudhan. “For comparison, one transit observation with Webb provided comparable precision to eight observations with Hubble conducted over a few years in a shorter wavelength range.”

    “These results are the product of just two observations of K2-18 b, with many more on the way,” said co-author Savvas Constantinou, also from Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy. “This means our work here is but an early demonstration of what Webb can observe in habitable zone exoplanets.”

    The team now intends to conduct follow-up research that they hope will further validate their findings and provide new insights into the environmental conditions on K2-18 b. The team's next round of Webb observations will use the telescope's Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) spectrograph to scour K2-18 b's atmosphere for tell-tale chemical signatures called biomarkers, including DMS, which could potentially indicate the presence of biological activity.

    “Our ultimate goal is the identification of life on a habitable exoplanet, which would transform our understanding of our place in the Universe,” said Madhusudhan. “Our findings are a promising first step in this direction.”

    Reference:
    Nikku Madhusudhan et al. ‘Carbon-bearing Molecules in a Possible Hycean Atmosphere.’ Paper presented at The First Year of JWST Science Conference. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

    Adapted from a story by the European Space Agency (ESA).

    Image captions

      Image credits:

      Top: Amanda Smith, Nikku Madhusudhan (University of Cambridge)
      Bottom: NASA, CSA, ESA, J. Olmstead (STScI), N. Madhusudhan (University of Cambridge)

      Design by Sarah Collins



      The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

      TopBuilt with Shorthand Summary: 

      An international team of astronomers led by the University of Cambridge has used data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to discover methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of K2-18 b, an exoplanet in the ‘Goldilocks zone’. This is the first time that carbon-based molecules have been discovered in the atmosphere of an exoplanet in the habitable zone.

      Image: Affiliation (schools and institutions): Institute of AstronomySchool of the Physical SciencesExternal Affiliations: undefinedPeople (our academics and staff): Nikku MadhusudhanSavvas ConstantinouSubject (including Spotlight on ... where applicable): StoriesexoplanetsastronomyJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST)spaceplanetsSection: ResearchSuper Tags: ScienceShorthand Story Description/Subtitle: Cambridge astronomers have used data from the James Webb Space Telescope to discover methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of K2-18 b, an exoplanet in the ‘Goldilocks zone’.Shorthand Story Thumbnail: https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/shorthand/241671/iZCzKBOGbP/assets/up4UF7whBn/2023_cambridge-sh-thumbnail.jpg

      Lack of evidence hampers progress on corporate-led ecosystem restoration

      Fri, 08/09/2023 - 08:47

      An international team of scientists has analysed publicly available sustainability reports released by 100 of the world’s largest companies and found that despite many businesses claiming to actively rebuild damaged ecosystems, very little is known about what is actually being achieved.

      Efforts to rebuild degraded environments are vital for achieving global biodiversity targets, and corporate-led projects offer huge potential to restore damaged and lost ecosystems around the globe.  

      But the study reveals that over 90 percent of corporate-led restoration projects fail to report a single ecological outcome. Around 80 percent of projects do not reveal how much money is invested in restoration, and a third fail to even state the area of habitat that they aim to restore.

      The United Nations has launched a Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, and in recent years businesses around the world have collectively pledged to plant billions of trees, hundreds of thousands of corals and tens of thousands of mangroves. Around two thirds of the top 100 largest global corporations undertake ecosystem restoration.

      The study is published today in the journal Science.

      “Ultimately, if big businesses are going to contribute effectively to the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, there needs to be transparency and consistency in reporting,” said Professor Rachael Garrett, Moran Professor of Conservation and Development at the University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, and a co-author of the report.

      She added: “This is in the interest of the businesses themselves, who stand to gain from demonstrating to their customers, shareholders, employees and the wider public that they are making meaningful impacts with their declared restoration efforts.

      “The world’s largest corporations have the potential to lift ecosystem restoration efforts to an unprecedented scale. But their involvement has to be managed with proper evidence and accountability, to make sure the outcomes are beneficial and fair for everyone.”

      Many countries require businesses to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) to quantify and reduce their environmental damage, and other private-sector initiatives also encourage companies to measure and disclose their biodiversity impacts. However, the study finds that current guidelines and legal frameworks around ecosystem restoration are inadequate, and are not yet resulting in appropriate reporting by businesses.

      The researchers are calling for more transparency around the reporting of corporate-led ecosystem restoration projects, and for reporting to be more consistently centred around scientific principles that determine ecosystem restoration success.

      “Restoring degraded ecosystems is an urgent challenge for this decade, and big businesses have the potential to play a vital role,” said Dr Tim Lamont at Lancaster University, lead author of the study.

      He added: "With their size, resources and logistics expertise, they could help deliver the large-scale restoration we need in many places. But at the moment there is very little transparency, which makes it hard for anyone to assess if projects are delivering benefits for ecosystems or people.

      “When a business says it has planted thousands of trees to restore habitat and soak up carbon – how do we know if this has been delivered, if the trees will survive, and if it has resulted in a functioning ecosystem that benefits biodiversity and people? In many cases, we’ve found that the evidence provided by large corporations to support their claims is insufficient.”

      The researchers say new improved reporting guidelines around ecosystem restoration should:

      • Recommend that companies clearly differentiate between restoration activities that merely mitigate the negative environmental impacts of a business’ operations from those that aim to provide wider climate, biodiversity and social justice outcomes.
      • Recommend a principle-based approach, drawing from conservation science, for planning and reporting, so that restoration projects in a range of different contexts can all maintain high standards across core areas.
      • Ensure corporations engage with and empower local stakeholders to co-design restoration projects from the outset.

      Reference

      Lamont, T., et al: 'Hold big business to task on ecosystem restoration: corporate reporting must embrace holistic principles from restoration science.' Sept 2023, Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2610

      Adapted from a press release by Lancaster University.

      A near total lack of transparency is making it impossible to assess the quality of corporate-led ecosystem restoration projects, a new study finds.

      EnvironmentEcosystemBiodiversity conservationhabitatRachael GarrettLancaster UniversityDepartment of GeographyUniversity of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute (UCCRI)School of the Physical SciencesThe world’s largest corporations have the potential to lift ecosystem restoration efforts to an unprecedented scale. But their involvement has to be managed with proper evidence and accountability, to make sure the outcomes are beneficial and fair for everyone.Rachael GarrettTim LamontDegraded coral reef 'rubblefield' in Indonesia


      The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified.  All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

      YesLicence type: AttributionNews type: NewsSuper Tags: EnvironmentSociety

      Risky business

      Thu, 07/09/2023 - 16:16
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'script', document); //--> */ Shorthand Story Body:  LinkedInTwitterFacebook Risky business  A new map highlights existential risks in Cambridge

      Photo by Phil Hearing on Unsplash

      Photo by Phil Hearing on Unsplash

      A new self-guided trail, created by researchers at Cambridge’s Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), takes the public on an altogether different tour of the city.

      Hobson’s Conduit. Midsummer Common. The River Cam. All regular and well-known landmarks to those in and around Cambridge, but what are the existential risks that link them?

      A new map is unlocking the city’s secrets and diving into its history of existential risk. From bio and nuclear risks to landmarks related to disease outbreaks, environmental change, and technological acceleration visit some popular landmarks and discover the history in our footsteps.

      Two of the creators, Jessica Bland and Haydn Belfield set out to create a resource which allows people to connect to the research being carried out at CSER.

      “We're really focused on how in the 21st century, we reduce or mitigate those threats to humanity,” says Bland. “But of course, that's a pursuit that we've had for hundreds of years. And Cambridge has been a hub for some of the key stories”.

      Each landmark on the map offers the chance for reflection. For example, there are two nuclear bunkers in Cambridge - built in 1958 and 1983 –to protect regional government and the council, not the wider public, but why when in countries such as Switzerland all large residential complexes have their own bunker?

      Belfield points out that the landmarks are “not just points of triumph and disaster, but one of discussion and reflection.”

      As such each location on the map has a question. Some to encourage us to “Google” and read more around the subject, others to make us think about what we would do if we were faced with such risks.

      “Some forms of those narratives put people off thinking about the issue because they're scary which is not our aim,” adds Bland.

      Landmarks highlighted in the trial include the Cambridge University Botanic Gardens which saw the highest temperature ever recorded in Cambridge in 2022 as well as green spaces we walk through every day such as Midsummer Common where burial sites dating from both the 17th and 14th century plague outbreaks in Cambridge have been discovered.

      The map is now live (Friday 8 September) and will be accessible via Google Maps. Bookmark this page and we’ll post the link here!

      Two of the Cambridge Five, Guy Burgess (1911–1963) & Anthony Blunt (1907–1983) were members of the University Pitt Club at the Pitt Building. Credit: Sir Cam

      Two of the Cambridge Five, Guy Burgess (1911–1963) & Anthony Blunt (1907–1983) were members of the University Pitt Club at the Pitt Building. Credit: Sir Cam

      Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Photo credit: Sir Cam

      Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Photo credit: Sir Cam

      From hottest point in Cambridge to the hidden nuclear bunker – what will I see? 

      Here are just some of the landmarks you can visit on your self-guided trail.

      Charles Babbage's Difference Engine at the Whipple Museum

      A portion of the Babbage Difference Engine No. 1, designed by Charles Babbage (1791-1871) is on display at the Whipple Museum.  Babbage found a way to simplify early calculating machines and in so doing conceived one of the earliest notions of a general-purpose computer.

      A remaining fragment built by his son, Henry, demonstrates the working principles of Babbage's design. The Difference Engine no. 1 was a machine intended to save the government money by preventing critical errors in tables calculated and copied by hand.

      Portion of the Babbage Difference Engine No. 1, c.1879 on display at the Whipple Museum (Wh.2339)

      Portion of the Babbage Difference Engine No. 1, c.1879 on display at the Whipple Museum (Wh.2339)

      Alan Turing Plaque - Keyne's Building, King's College

      Alan Turing was a mathematician, cryptographer and pioneer of computer science who is best known for his part in breaking the German Enigma code during World War II.

      He studied at King's College and created the ‘Turing Machine’ - a universal machine which could imitate all possible calculating devices. This mathematical model went on to become one of the cornerstones of computer science.

      Alan Turing blue plaque on the wall at King's College. Credit: Sir Cam

      Alan Turing blue plaque on the wall at King's College. Credit: Sir Cam

      Hobson's Conduit

      Hobson's Conduit as seen from Lenfield Road. Credit: Zoe Smith/Open Cambridge

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